Biology- Nucleotides And Nucleic Acids

Front 1

What components make up nucleotides?

Back 1

• pentose sugar

• nitrogenous base

• phosphate group

Front 2

What is the sugar in DNA?

Back 2

Deoxyribose

Front 3

What is a purine?

Back 3

2 carbon nitrogen rings joined together

Front 4

What is a pyramidine?

Back 4

One carbon nitrogen ring.

Smaller than purine

Front 5

What bases are called a pYramidine?

Back 5

CYtosine and thYmine

Front 6

What bases are known as a purine?

Back 6

Adenine and Guanine

Front 7

What is the sugar in RNA called?

Back 7

Ribose

Front 8

How does ATP release energy?

Back 8

ATP+H2O= ADP+inorganic phosphate+energy

ATP is hydrolised into ADP

ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP

Front 9

What reaction causes nucleotides to join up between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another?

Back 9

Condensation

Front 10

What bonds hold the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another?

Back 10

Phosphodiester

Front 11

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T

Back 11

2

Front 12

How many hydrogen bonds between C and G

Back 12

3

Front 13

What does detergent and salt do to a cell?

Back 13

Detergent= breaks down the cell membrane.

Salt= binds to the DNA causing it to clump together

Front 14

Explain how semi conservative replication occurs?

Back 14

1) DNA helicase- breaks h2 bonds and unzip the helix

2) each original= template

3) free nucleotides complimentary to the bases join

4) DNA polymerase joins them.

5) each new DNA molecule has one strand original and one new strand.

Front 15

What is a gene?

Back 15

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide.

Front 16

How many bases are needed to code for an amino acid?

Back 16

3 - triplet

Front 17

Describe the genetic code?

Back 17

•Non-overlapping

•Degenerative

•Universal

Front 18

Explain transcription?

Back 18

RNA polymerase attaches to DNA

2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils

3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy

4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.

5) they join together

1) RNA polymerase attaches to DNA2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.5) they join together6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore

RNA polymerase attaches to DNA2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.5) they join together6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore

RNA polymerase attaches to DNA2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.5) they join together6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore

RNA polymerase attaches to DNA2) h2 bonds breaks and uncoils3) one strand used as a template to make an mRNA copy4) RNA nucleotides line up to complimentary.5) they join together6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand7)H2 bonds reform 8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore

6)RNA polymerase moves along the DNA separating and assembling the mRNA strand

7)H2 bonds reform

8) when polymerase reaches stop cordon it stops making mRNA

9) mRNA moves out thru the nuclear pore

Front 19

Explain the process of translation

Back 19

1) mRNA attaches itself to a ribosomes

2) tRNA carries amino acids to ribosom

3) tRNA molecule with anticodon complimentary to the start codon

4) a second tRNA attaches the same way

5) rRNA catalyses the formation of a peptide bond between the two

6) process Carries on till it reaches a stop codon.

7) chain moves away and is complete

Front 20

Examples of intracellular enzymes?

Back 20

•Hydrogen peroxide

•Catalase

Front 21

Examples of extracellular enzymes

Back 21

•Amylase

• Trypsin

Front 22

What does the shape of an active site depend on?

Back 22

Tertiary structure

Front 23

What is the influence of temperature enzyme activity?

Back 23

• rise in temp = more vibration= faster= freq collision.

• if temperature is too high=break bond= change shape of active site= denatured

Front 24

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

Back 24

Change in pH above or below,changes the H2 conc= changes tertiary structure= denatured

Front 25

What affects enzyme activity?

Back 25

• temperature

• pH

• enzyme concentration

• substrate concentration

Front 26

What do cofactors do?

Back 26

Helps bind enzyme and substrate together

Front 27

What do coenzymes do?

Back 27

Organic molecule that helps

Front 28

What is precursor activation?

Back 28

Need to change active site.