Biology Notes Vi- Genetics

Front 1

GENETICS

Back 1

the study of heredity

Front 2

HEREDITY

Back 2

-the transferring of traits from parents to offspring
-"Mendelian genetics"

Front 3

GREGOR
MENDEL
1856

Back 3

-austrian monk/science
teacher who applied a
new approach to heredity
-in the 1860s he used
pea plants to observe the
traits of heredity
-observed the traits of
heredity
-observed 7 different
characteristics, and
studied each individually

Front 4

MENDEL'S
OBSERVATIONS

Back 4

-crossed different traits
in the parental (p) generation
-results:all of the offspring
in the first filial were alike,
and resembled only one parent

Front 5

INHERITED
CHARACTERISTICS

Back 5

controlled factors that
come in pairs

Front 6

LAW OF
DOMINANCE

Back 6

-one factor in a pair may
dominate the other, so
the other has no effect
--dominant
--recessive

Front 7

DOMINANT

Back 7

controlling factor
(represented by a
capital letter)

Front 8

RECESSIVE

Back 8

hidden factor
(represented
by a lower-case
letter)

Front 9

LAW OF
SEGREGATION

Back 9

during gamete formation,
a pair of factors is
segregated or seperated

Front 10

LAW OF
INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT

Back 10

factors (genes) for different
traits are seperated and
distributed to gametes
independently of other genes

Front 11

INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE

Back 11

neither factor dominates
for gene expression

Front 12

GENE

Back 12

the location of a
chromosome for a
specific trait

Front 13

ALLELE

Back 13

physical characteristic
of a gene
ex: height
-tall
-short

Front 14

GENOTYPE

Back 14

the combination of genes
in an organism
ex: flower color
-homozygous dominant(RR)
-homozygous recessive(rr)
-heterozygous

Front 15

PHENOTYPE

Back 15

the effects caused by
genes that determine
physical appearance
-based on genotype
ex: red(RR,Rr), white(rr)

Front 16

PROBABILITY

Back 16

the prediction and
likelyhood that certain
events will occur

Front 17

PRODUCT RULE

Back 17

the probability of a
series of events is
the product of each
individual event

Front 18

ADDITION
RULE

Back 18

if an event can occur
in multiple ways add
each individual property

Front 19

MONOHYBRID
CROSSES

Back 19

-determining outcome
based on a single gene
-each gene has more
than one allele
-offspring have a certain
probability of phenotype
based on their parents'
genotypes

Front 20

PUNNETT
SQUARE

Back 20

means of determining
various gene combination
possibilities and
probabilities

Front 21

PUNNETT
SQUARE
STEP 1

Back 21

determine the symbols
to represent traits.
write them on your paper.
(T= tall; t= short)

Front 22

PUNNETT SQUARE
STEP 2

Back 22

determine the genotype
of the parents. write
them down.

Front 23

PUNNETT SQUARE
STEP 3

Back 23

determine the possible
gametes from each parent.
write them down.

Front 24

PUNNETT SQUARE
STEP 4

Back 24

set up and work cross

Front 25

PUNNETT SQUARE
STEP 5

Back 25

re-read question and
clearly state the answer.

Front 26

LAW OF
INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT

Back 26

suggests that different,
segregated traits are
independently assorted
to offspring

Front 27

DIHYBRID
CROSS

Back 27

a cross between two
parents that accounts
for two different genes.
-these genes seperate
independently

Front 28

GENE LINKAGE

Back 28

-all genes on the same
chromosome are "linked" together
-some are inherited together
-ex: crossing over

Front 29

SEX LINKAGE (THOMAS HUNT)

Back 29

fly eyes

Front 30

FLY EYES 1

Back 30

crossed a true red eyed
fly with a true white eyed fly.
-results: all 4000 (first filial)
offspring had red eyes

Front 31

FLY EYES 2

Back 31

crossed two of the offspring
(first filial)
-results: 3000 red
1000 white

Front 32

FLY EYES: OVERALL RESULTS

Back 32

2000 red female
1000 red male
1000 white male
1000 white female

Front 33

"X" LINKAGE

Back 33

-a trait carried on the x
-males: xy
-females:xx
-genes for testosterone
carried on the y
-baldness is caused
by a recessive trait (x linked)

Front 34

MULTIPLE ALLELES

Back 34

genes that have more than
two allele forms (traits)
ex: human blood types

Front 35

BLOOD TYPE

Back 35

"A" is determined by the
absence of "A" or "B"
proteins (antigens) found
in red blood cells

Front 36

BLOOD TYPE CONT.

Back 36

each antigen has its own
antibody: a protein that
reacts in foreign particles.

Front 37

BLOOD TYPE CONT.

Back 37

each A,B,O blood group
consists of two alleles