Biology Midterm Study Guide

Front 1

What are the 6 Characteristics of Life?

Back 1

1. have cells and DNA
2. growth and development
3. reproduction
4. metabolism
5. respond to stimuli
6. population evolve over time

Front 2

dissecting microscope

Back 2

allows low magnification for large specimens

Front 3

Compound Light Microscope

Back 3

allows magnification up to 400X the original speciman

Front 4

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Back 4

bombards a gold-covered specimen to take a picture of its shape

Front 5

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Back 5

bombards a slice of a specimen to show the internal components of a specimen

Front 6

Eyepiece or Ocular

Back 6

magnifies the object; the part you look through

Front 7

coarse adjustment knob

Back 7

makes large changes in the focus

Front 8

fine adjustment knob

Back 8

makes small changes to the focus

Front 9

arm

Back 9

holds lenses over the stage

Front 10

stage

Back 10

holds the slide

Front 11

stage clips

Back 11

holds the slide in place

Front 12

objectives

Back 12

lenses that magnify the object. low power: 4X, medium: 10X, high: 40X

Front 13

Light Source

Back 13

supplies the light

Front 14

diaphragm

Back 14

controls the amount of light that passes through the object.

Front 15

base

Back 15

keeps the microscope upright

Front 16

Robert Hooke

Back 16

developed early compound microscope (2 lenses). Named cells "cells"

Front 17

Anton Van Leeuwenhook

Back 17

made a better simpler microscope (1 lense). Saw plaque, blood and sperm cells.

Front 18

William Harvey

Back 18

Studies the heart and circulatory system. Defined the anatomy of the circulatory system.

Front 19

Joseph Lister

Back 19

started cleaning surgical instruments and covering patients during surgery.

Front 20

Edward Jenner

Back 20

created the first vaccine. (small Pox) used cow pus from cows with cow pox

Front 21

James Francis and Watson Crick

Back 21

Modeled the DNA strand. Discovered the double helix.

Front 22

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Back 22

helped discover the double helix by using X-ray crystallography.

Front 23

Carolus Linneus

Back 23

developed binomial naming organisms. (genus, species). He also developed binomial nomenclature for plant types.

Front 24

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

Back 24

co-proposed theory for how population evolved

Front 25

Redi and Pasteur

Back 25

Redi disproved spontaneous generation for macromolecules. Pasteur disproved it for micro molecules.

Front 26

Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow.

Back 26

founders of cell theory.
1. All plants are made of cells
2. All animals are made of cells
3. Cells divide to make new cells

Front 27

Miller and Urey

Back 27

created organic compounds from reducing gases

Front 28

Aristotle

Back 28

originator of the scientific approach to life

Front 29

Felming

Back 29

discovered first antibiotic. Penicillin

Front 30

Salk

Back 30

developed polio vaccine

Front 31

Drew

Back 31

started the first blood bank

Front 32

Pavlov

Back 32

classical conditioning

Front 33

Lorenz

Back 33

discovered instinctive imprinting

Front 34

Mary and Louis Leakey

Back 34

anthropoligists

Front 35

Goodall

Back 35

studied chimpanzees.

Front 36

Carson

Back 36

wrote "The Silent Spring" that ended up banning DDT

Front 37

The Scientific Method

Back 37

1. define the problem
2. make a hypothesis
3. perform an experiment
4. analyze the results
5. Conclude

Front 38

control group

Back 38

the group that lacks the variable being tested

Front 39

experimental group

Back 39

the group that has the variable being tested.

Front 40

independent variable

Back 40

the variable being tested in the experiment.

Front 41

dependent variable

Back 41

what is measured as the result of your experiment

Front 42

controlled variable

Back 42

all things that are the same between the control group and the experimental group.

Front 43

level of treatment

Back 43

the quantity or type of the independent variable.

Front 44

theory

Back 44

a hypothesis that has been tested repeatedly and supported by a large amount of evidence.

Front 45

observation

Back 45

information gained by your five senses =

Front 46

inference

Back 46

an assumption based on observations

Front 47

carbohydrate elements

Back 47

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Front 48

carbohydrate monomers

Back 48

glucose

Front 49

carbohydrate use

Back 49

storing and releasing energy

Front 50

carbohydrate examples

Back 50

glucose, cellulose, fructose, starch

Front 51

carbohydrate bonds

Back 51

hydrogen

Front 52

protein elements

Back 52

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

Front 53

protein monomers

Back 53

amino acids

Front 54

protein use

Back 54

structural support, immune systems, membrane functions and biochemical reactions

Front 55

protein examples

Back 55

keratin, antibodies, enzymes

Front 56

protein bonds

Back 56

peptide

Front 57

lipid elements

Back 57

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 58

lipid monomers

Back 58

glycerol and fatty acids

Front 59

lipid use

Back 59

protective coatings, membrane functions and long-term energy storage

Front 60

lipid examples

Back 60

wax, pigments, triglycerides

Front 61

nucleic acid elements

Back 61

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous.

Front 62

nucleic acid elements

Back 62

nucleotides

Front 63

nucleic acid use

Back 63

encodes info for protein synthesis

Front 64

nucleic acid examples

Back 64

DNA and RNA

Front 65

lock and key theory

Back 65

only one substrate will fit into one active site

Front 66

factors that affect enzymes

Back 66

pH, temperature, or salinty

Front 67

endosymbiotic theory

Back 67

bacteria began living inside of other prokaryotes.

Front 68

evidence of endosymbiotic theory

Back 68

1. ribosomes are the same size as in prokaryotes
2. own DNA
3. two membranes
4.binary fission

Front 69

cell theory

Back 69

1. All things are made of cells
2. calls are the basic unit of all living things
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Front 70

prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

Back 70

1. eukaryotes have a double membrane.
2. prokaryotes have no organelles
3. prokaryotes are smaller

Front 71

marker proteins

Back 71

act as antigens. so body can recognize its own cells

Front 72

transport proteins

Back 72

positioned in the lipid bilayer so subtrates can be carrried across through facilitated diffusion

Front 73

enzymatic proteins

Back 73

help facilitate chemical reactions

Front 74

structural proteins

Back 74

helps maintain the shape of the cell

Front 75

receptor proteins

Back 75

allow neurotransmitters to trigger responses outside the cell

Front 76

cholestoral molecules

Back 76

help stabilize the lipid bilayer

Front 77

duffusion

Back 77

the natural tendancy of molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Front 78

osmosis

Back 78

the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Front 79

hypertonic

Back 79

a solution that contains a higher concentration of solute

Front 80

hypotonic

Back 80

a solution contains a lower concentration of solute

Front 81

Isotonic

Back 81

a solution that remains in dynamic eqilibrium