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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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the study of life
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Organism
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anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life
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Organization
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orderly structure
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Reproduction
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the production of offspring
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Homeostasis
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regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival
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species
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a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
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development
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all of the changes that take place during the life of an organism
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Environment
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surroundings, which include the air, water, weather, temperature, any other organisms in the area, and many other factors.
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Stimulus
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any condition in the environment that requires an organism to adjust.
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Response
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a reaction to a stimulus
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Theory
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an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations.
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adaptation
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any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment.
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Growth
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results in an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures.
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energy
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the ability to do work
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Scientific Methods
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The common steps that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions.
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Hypothesis
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an explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested.
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experiment
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a procedure that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information under the controlled conditions.
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control
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the group in which all conditions are kept the same.
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independent variable
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the condition in an experiment that is changed
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dependent variable
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the condition that results from changes in the independent variable.
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data
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information obtained from experiments.
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qualitative
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observations used to gather data
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Quantitative
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number data gathered in an experiment
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Scientific Methods
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1)Observing
2)Making a hypothesis 3)Collecting data 4)Publishing results 5)Forming a theory 6)Developing a new hypothesis 7)Revising the theory |
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Characteristics of living things
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All living things:
1)have an orderly structure 2)produce offspring 3)grow and develop 4)adjust to changes in the environment |
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SI Units (International System of Measurement)
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Most common metric units:
meter=length gram=mass liter=volume second=time Celsius degree=temperature |
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Ecology
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the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environments.
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biosphere
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the portion of the Earth that supports life.
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abiotic factors
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the nonliving parts of an organism's environment.
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Biotic factors
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All the living organisms that inhabit an environment.
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Population
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a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
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community
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a collection of interacting populations.
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ecosystem
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made up of the interactions among the populations in a community and the community's physical surroundings, or abiotic factors.
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habitat
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the place where an organism lives out its life.
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niche
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the role and position a species has in its environment-how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces.
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Symbiosis
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the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species.
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commensalism
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a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed or benefited.
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mutualism
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a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
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parasitism
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a symbiotic relationship in which one organism derives benefit at the expense of the other.
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autotrophs
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organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to manufacture their own nutrients.
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heterotrophs
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organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms.
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Scavengers
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animals that eat animals that have already died.
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decomposers
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organisms that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms.
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food chain
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a simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem.
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trophic level
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a feeding step
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food web
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a model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community.
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Secondary succession
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the sequence of changes that takes place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters, such as forest fires, or human actions.
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estuaries
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Communities in which fresh water and salt water mix
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primary succession
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The colonization of new sites by communities of organisms is called
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Succession
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the orderly changes of an ecosystem
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If the rate of population growth remains steady, the graph will appear as a....
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straight line
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population growth
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The change in the size of a population over time
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Density-dependent factors
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include disease, competition, parasites, and food. These have an increasing effect as the population increases.
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immigration
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Movement of individuals into a country
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emigration
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Movement from a population
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The resulting graph of linear growth is...
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a straight line
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Populations that have reached carrying capacity usually have an....
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S-shaped growth curve
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carrying capacity
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the highest level at which a population can be sustained.
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Density-dependent factors
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include factors such as competition
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density-independent factors
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include factors such as storms.
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demography
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the study of human growth characteristics
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age structure
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the proportions of a population that are at different age levels
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exponential growth
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a pattern that shows that as a population grows, the rate at which it grows also inceases
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DDT
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caused some species, such as the American bald eagle, to lay eggs with thin shells that cracked easily
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Habitat fragmentation results in ....
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increased edge effects
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The biggest threat to biodiversity is?
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habitat loss
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Approximately what percentage of the Earth`s land has been designated as a natural park or a protected area?
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6%
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sustainable use
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using resources in ways that will not harm the ecosystem
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edge effect
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the different conditions that occur along the boundaries of an ecosystem
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A saturated lipid contains....
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no double or triple bonds in the fatty acid chains
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base
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forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
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What are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates?
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monosaccharides
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Diffusion
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the net movement of particles from high to low concentration, and is a slow process because it relies on the random molecular motion of atoms
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metabolism
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all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.
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protein
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a polymer made of amino acids that is essential to all life.
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nucleic acid
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a large molecule that stores information in cells.
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solution
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a mixture in which a substance dissolves into another substance.
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carbohydrate
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a compound used by cells to store and release energy.
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cristae
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the internal membrane of a mitochondrion
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grana
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stacks within a chloroplast
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Plastids
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plant organelles used for storage
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mitochondria
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membrane-bound organelles that transform energy for the cell
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cilia
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small hairlike structures that move fluids along the cells.
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Lysosomes
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organelles that contain digestive enzymes and digest food, worn out organelles and bacteria
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Vacuoles
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spaces in cells used for temporary storage of needed materials and waste products.
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prokaryotic cells
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Cells lacking internal membrane-bound structures
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scanning electron microscope
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can produce three-dimensional images.
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eukaryote
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a cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
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Mitosis
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the process of nuclear division
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hypertonic
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When the concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than the solutes inside the cell
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hypotonic
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When the concentration of solutes inside the cell is greater than the solutes outside the cell.
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isotonic
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When the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell
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endocytosis
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the process by which the cell engulfs the molecule with a portion of plasma membrane
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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exocytosis
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active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell.
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molecule
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a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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monomer
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a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
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atom
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smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element
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ion
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atom or a group of atoms that gain or lose electrons.
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polar
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a molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end.
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lipid
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organic compounds that are insoluble in water and are used by cells for long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings.
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nucleotide
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subunits of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
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isotope
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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.
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isotope
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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.
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peptide bond
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a covalent bond formed between amino acids
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Brownian Motion
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the random motion of molecules.
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Taxonomy
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the branch of biology that groups and names organisms bases on studies of their different characteristics
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bionomial nomenclature
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a two-word naming system; the first word is the genus and the second is a word that describes the characteristics of that organism
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classification
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the grouping of objects or information based on similarities
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genus
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consists of a group of similiar species
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6 Kingdoms
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1)Eubacteria
2)Archaebacteria 3)Protista 4)Animalia 5)Plantae 6)Fungi |
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Family
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consists of a group of similar genera.
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oder
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a taxon of similar families
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class
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a taxon of similar orders
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phylum
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a taxon of similar classes
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division
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plant taxonomists use this taxon instead of phylum
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kingdom
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a taxon of similar phyla or divisions.
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Aristotle
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a greek philosopher who developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification. He classified all the organisms into 2 groups: plants and animals.
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Linnaeus
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developed the bionomial nomenclature, which was a two-word naming system.
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Lactic acid fermentation
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breaks down glucose to release energy
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chlorophyll
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The chloroplast molecule that absorbs light energy
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ATP(adenosine triphosphate)
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a molecule in whose chemical bonds energy is stored. composed of 1 adenosine molecule, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups
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ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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molecule formed from the breaking off of a phosphate group for ATP
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photosynthesis
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the process plants use to trap the sun's energy and build glucose, which store energy
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light-dependent reactions
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convert light energy into chemical energy
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light-independent reactions
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energy from light-dependent reactions is used to produce glucose and additional ATP molecules
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pigments
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molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight
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chlorophyll
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light-absorbing pigments that absorb most wavelengths except for green
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electron transport chain
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series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane
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NADP+
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electron carrier molecule; becomes NADPH when carrying excited electrons
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photolysis
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reaction where two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons
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Calvin Cycle
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a series of reactions that use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates
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cellular respiration
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the process by which mitochondria break down food to produce ATP
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anaerobic
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no oxygen is required
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aerobic
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require oxygen
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glycolysis
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a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
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citric acid cycle
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a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP
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Lactic acid fermentation
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series of anaerobic chemical reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid and NAD+
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alcoholic fermentation
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anaerobic process where cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
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heredity
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the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
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genetics
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the branch of biology that studies heredity
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alleles
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alternate forms of a gene
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law of segregation
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Mendenlian principle explaining that because each plant has two different alleles it can produce two different types of gametes.
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law of independent assortment
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states that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
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diploid
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a cell with two of each kind of chromosome
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haploid
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a cell with one of each kind of chromosome
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meiosis
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a cell division which produces gametes containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent's body cell
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crossing over
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a process where tightly pached chromosomes exchange genetic material
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genetic recombination
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major source of genetic variation among organisms caused by reassortment or crossing over during meiosis
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nondisjunction
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failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis
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nucleotide
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composed of a simple sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base
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double helix
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two strands of twisted DNA
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DNA replication
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the process in which DNA in the chromosomes is copied
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messenger RNA
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brings info from the DNA in the nucleus to the cell's cytoplasm
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ribosomal RNA
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clamp onto the mRNA and use its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order
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tRNA
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transports amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein
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transcription
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process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand
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translation
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process of converting info in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein
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mutation
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any change in the DNA sequence that also changes the protein it codes for
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point mutation
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a change in a single base pair in DNA; ex.
THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR |
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Frameshift mutation
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a mutation in which a single base is added or deleted from DNA. Ex.
THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT |
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Chromosomal mutations
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mutations that occur at the chromosome level resulting in the gene distribution to gametes during meiosis
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Four kinds of chromosomal mutations
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Deletions-occur when part of a chromosome is left out
Insertions-ocurrs when a part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid Inversions-occur when part of a chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards Translocations- occur when part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome |
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mutagen
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any agent that can cause a change in DNA
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incomplete dominance
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the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes.
ex. redxwhite=pink |
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autosomes
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matching homologous chromosomes
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polygenic inheritance
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inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes
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sickle-cell anemia
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blood cells are shaped like a sickle which slow blood flow, block small vessels, and result in tissue damage and pain. heter-will have codominance
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hemophilia
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sex-linked disorder carried by X-chromosome; lack of blood clotting enzyme
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karyotype
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chart of chromosome pairs; can be used to see if there is an unusual number of chromosomes
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test cross
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a cross of an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of a known genotype
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recomninant DNA
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made by connecting or recombining fragments of DNA from different soures
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transgenic
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contain foreign DNA
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vector
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a means by which DNA from one species can be carried int the host cell.
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human genome
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the 60,100,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes
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linkage map
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the genetic map that shows the location of genes on a chromosome
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gene therapy
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the insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders
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natural selection
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a mechanism for change in populations
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artificial selection
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breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits
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physiological adaptations
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changes in an organism's metabolic processes
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homologous structures
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structural features witha common evolutionary origin
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analogous structures
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body parts of an organism that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function
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genetic equilibrium
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frequency of alleles stays the same generation after generation
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genetic drift
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the alteration of allelic frequencies by chance events
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stabilizing selection
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natural selection that favors average individuals in a pop. reduces variation
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directional selection
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favors one of the extreme variations of a trait. leads to rapid evolution
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disruptive selection
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favors both extreme variations of a trait. results in no intermediate forms and two new species
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speciation
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evolution of a new species
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reproductive isolation
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when formerly interbreeding organisms no longer mate and produce fertile offspring
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polyploid
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any species with a multiple set of chromosomes
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gradualism
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idea that species originate through a gradual change of adaptations
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adaptive radiation
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when an ancestral species evolves into an array of species to fit different habitats
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divergent evolution
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the pattern of evolution in which species that once were similiar become increasingly distinct
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convergent evolution
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distantly related species evolve similar traits.
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Hardy-Weinberg Principle
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states that the allele frequency of the alleles in a populations will not vary. p+q=1, p2+2pq+q2=1
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Conditions for Equilibrium
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1) must have large pop.
2)Natural Selection must have already occured 3) No mutations 4)No leaving or entering of individuals 5)Random mating |
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primate
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a group of mammals that includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans.
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Prosimians
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small present-day primates that include lumurs, aye-ayes, and tarsiers
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Purgatorius
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the earliest primate fossils
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anthropoids
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humanlike primates
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hominids
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primates that can walk upright on two legs
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australopithecine
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an early hominid that lived in Africa and possessed both apelike and humanlike characteristics
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homo habilis
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"handy human"- 1.5 and 2 mill.-stone tools
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homo erectus
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"upright human"- 1.6 mill- protruding brow- stone tools
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neanderthals
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35,000 to 100,000 years ago-caves and language
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Cro-Magnons
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35,000 to 40,000- like modern day humans
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