Biology Midterm

Front 1

8 characteristics of living things

Back 1

made of 1 or more cells, displays organization, grows and develops, reproduces, responds to stimuli, requires energy, maintains homeostasis, adaptations evolve over time

Front 2

what is science?

Back 2

a body of knowledge based on the study of nature

Front 3

7 characteristics of science

Back 3

relies on evidence, expands scientific knowledge, challenges accepted theories, questions results, tests claims, undergoes peer review, uses metric system

Front 4

the difference between observation and inference

Back 4

an observation is a direct method of gathering info and comparing it with what you already know. an inference is when you combine what you know and what you learned to draw a logical conclusion

Front 5

describe the different ways data can be collected

Back 5

it can be collected quantitatively or qualitatively. quantitative data contains numbers, but qualitative data doesn't contain numbers.

Front 6

differentiate between independent and dependent variables; control and experimental groups

Back 6

independent variable is what is changed. dependent variable is what is observed. control group is basis of comparison. experimental group is the one being tested.

Front 7

describe the shapes carbon bonds can form and why this leads to biodiversity.

Back 7

straight chairs, branched molecules, ring molecules. carbon is found in all living things and can bond in an endless number of ways. therefore, life is very diverse.

Front 8

6 most common elements in organic molecules

Back 8

carbon-C, hydrogen-H, oxygen-O, nitrogen-N, phosphorous-P, sulfur-S

Front 9

4 categories of macromolecules and their primary functions

Back 9

carbohydrates (store energy, provide structural support), lipids(store energy, provide barriers), proteins(transport/speed up reactions, provide support/ make hormones), nucleic acids(helps make energy(mitochondria), stores DNA, assists making proteins)

Front 10

what is an enzyme and why are they important for life?

Back 10

they are special proteins used to speed up chemical reactions. they are important because they affect many biological processes

Front 11

what are the parts of a chemical reaction?

Back 11

reactants, products

Front 12

differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds

Back 12

ionic is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms. covalent is a chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared

Front 13

what makes water a polar molecule and why is polarity important for living organisms?

Back 13

one end is positive and the other end is negative . the bent structure of water makes the molecule polar and allows water to form bonds with many other molecules(cohesion and adhesion)

Front 14

where do most biological processes take place on the pH scale?

Back 14

occur between 6.5-7.5, our bodies are primarily made of water and water is neutral.

Front 15

3 principles of the cell theory

Back 15

1) all living organisms are made of 1 or more cells 2) cells are basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms 3) cells come from previously existing cells

Front 16

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Back 16

prokaryotes-no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, smaller than eukaryotes
eukaryotes- membrane bound organelles, have nucleus

Front 17

how do you tell the difference between a plant and animal cell?

Back 17

plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts. plant cells also have larger vacuoles when compared to animals

Front 18

what does selective permeable mean and what makes a membrane permeable?

Back 18

the plasma membrane only allows certain things to pass into and out of the cell. it is selectively permeable due to its phospholipid bilayer.

Front 19

explain the movement of water when a cell is in an isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic solution

Back 19

isotonic, the water outside=the water inside
hypotonic, water outside>water inside
hypertonic, water outside<water inside
so, water with move out of the and it may collapse

Front 20

define solute and solvent

Back 20

the solute is dissolved in the solvent

Front 21

difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion

Back 21

active transport requires the cell to use energy to move substances across the membrane. facilitated diffusion does not require energy( a type of passive transport)

Front 22

identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Back 22

products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration and vice versa

Front 23

explain what reactions take place in the stroma

Back 23

stroma is the fluid filled space outside the grana. light independent reactions take place here(Calvin cycle)

Front 24

summarize the activities of each stage of the cell cycle

Back 24

interphase- cell grows, copies DNA
mitosis-nucleus and nuclear material is divided
cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides

Front 25

why is mitosis important and what is its purpose?

Back 25

it prepares the cells DNA for separation. the new cells that form will have identical copies if DNA-cellular respiration- repairs damaged cells

Front 26

summarize the time of cycling proteins in controlling the cell cycle

Back 26

stops and starts various stages of interphase and mitosis

Front 27

how can carcinogens affect the cell cycle?

Back 27

they are substances and agents that are known to cause cancer. they cause changes in the regulation of cell growth

Front 28

define meiosis. where does it occur(type of cell)?

Back 28

it is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes. it takes place in the reproductive structures of organisms that reproduce sexually

Front 29

explain Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment.

Back 29

law of segregation states that the 2 alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. law of independent assortment states that a random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation

Front 30

2 examples of genetic recombination

Back 30

crossing over and gene linkage

Front 31

what are some ways an environment can influence an organisms phenotype?

Back 31

diet, exercise, sunlight, water, and temperature are all environmental factors

Front 32

4 recessive gene disorders in humans and their effects

Back 32

cystic fibrosis- excessive mucus production, digestive and respiratory failure
albinism- no color in the skineyesand hair, skin susceptible to UV damage, vision problems
gactosemia- mental disabilities, enlarged liver, kidney failure
tay-sachs disease- buildup of fatty deposits in the brain, mental disabilities

Front 33

2 dominant genetic disorders and effects

Back 33

Huntington's disease-decline of mental of neurological functions, ability to move deteriorates
achondroplasia- short arms and legs, large head
(polydactyly)

Front 34

contrast codominance and incomplete dominance

Back 34

incomplete- the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes
codominance- both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition

Front 35

what are polygenic traits?

Back 35

characteristic that results from interaction of multiple gene pairs. ex. skin color, height, eye color, fingerprint

Front 36

what is a karyotype and how might it assist scientists?

Back 36

it is a micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size. scientists can find a genetic disorder using them.

Front 37

explain base pairing

Back 37

a-t, t-a, c-g, g-c
purine bases=adenine and guanine
pyrimidine bases=cytosine and thymine

Front 38

compare and contrast DNA and RNA

Back 38

DNA-double stranded, a t c g, deoxyribose sugar
RNA-single stranded, a u g c, ribose sugar

Front 39

what happens during replication of RNA?

Back 39

DNA helicase enzyme used to separate the 2 strands of DNA. DNA polymerase adds new DNA nucleotides to the open strands of DNA. a new double helix is formed

Front 40

role of the 3 kinds of RNA

Back 40

mRNA- travel through nucleus to a ribosome to direct synthesis of a specific protein
tRNA-transport amino acids to the ribosome
rRNA- associates with protein to form the ribosome

Front 41

what is the difference between a mutation in a body cell and a mutation in a sex cell?

Back 41

body cell mutation escapes the repair mechanism and becomes part of genetic sequence in that cell and future daughter cells. these aren't passed onto next generation. a sex cell mutation is when the mutations are passed on to the organisms offspring and will be present in every cell of the offspring.

Front 42

explain what occurs during transcription and translation.

Back 42

DNA makes RNA during transcription. RNA assembles amino acids to form proteins during translation.

Front 43

describe types of mutations that can occur

Back 43

point mutations- substitutions, missense, nonsense
deletion, insertion, duplication

Front 44

two types of mutagens and the harm they can cause

Back 44

chemicals and radiation. mutagens damage DNA. DNA may not replicate properly

Front 45

explain how a test cross is performed

Back 45

test cross involves breeding an organism that has an unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait

Front 46

describe genetic engineering

Back 46

technology that involves the manipulating of the DNA of 1 organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism

Front 47

how is selective breeding used?

Back 47

to pass on desired traits to future generations(isn't genetic engineering. think of all the different kinds of dogs)

Front 48

what is an organisms genome?

Back 48

it is the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell

Front 49

how are restriction enzymes used?

Back 49

these enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA within that sequence(scissors)

Front 50

how are plasmids and DNA ligase used in recombinant DNA?

Back 50

plasmids are small, circular double stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria and yeast cells. plasmids are used as vectors because they can be cut with restriction enzymes DNA ligase

Front 51

why do scientists use the technique of polymerase chain reaction(PCR)?

Back 51

used to copy DNA for any scientific investigation including forensic analysis and medical testing

Front 52

what is a transgenic organism?

Back 52

organisms genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism. these organisms are used for research, medical and agricultural purposes

Front 53

explain DNA fingerprinting

Back 53

involves the separating of DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual