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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gene
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A series of DNA molecules that code for the production of a single polypeptide of mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA
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Eukaryote
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Cells contain a nucleus
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Prokaryote
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Cell does not contain a nucleus
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Genome
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The entire DNA sequence of an organism
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Central Dogma
of gene expression |
DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to amino acids forming a protein
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DNA
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Polymer of nucleotides, AT (2 hydrogen bonds), GC (3 hydrogen bonds)
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Purines
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Adenine and Guanine; two-ring structures
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Pyrimidines
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Cytosine and Thymine; single ring structures
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Phosphodiester bond
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Binds nucleotides of a single strand of DNA with a 5' -> 3' directionality
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DNA replication
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Semiconservative, creation of a new double strand contains one strand of original DNA and one newly synthesized strand
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Replication
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A bidirectional process that begins in the middle of a strand
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DNA polymerase
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Enzyme that builds the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an existing strand
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RNA primer
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Initiates the new strand
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Leading strand
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Continuous replication
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Lagging strand
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Discontinuous replication; Okazaki fragments
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RNA
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Single stranded, uracil instead of thymine
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mRNA
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Delivers the DNA code for amino acids to the cytosol where proteins are manufactured
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rRNA
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Combines with proteins to form ribosomes which direct the synthesis of proteins in the nucleolus
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tRNA
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Collects amino acids in the cytosol and transfers them to the ribosomes for incorporation
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Transcription
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Synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
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Initiation
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The beginning of transcription
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RNA polymerase
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An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA strand from a DNA template; Prokaryotes 1, Eukaryotes 3
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Promoter
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Sequence of DNA nucleotides that designates a beginning point for transcription
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Elongation
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RNA polymerase transcribes only one strand of the DNA nucleotide sequence into a complementary RNA nucleotide sequence
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Termination
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The end of transcription
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Operon
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The genetic unit of an operator, promoter, and genes that contribute to a single prokaryotic mRNA
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5' cap
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Attachment site in protein synthesis and protection against exonucleases
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Poly A tail
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On the 3' end, protects against exonucleases
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Intron
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A polynucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid that does not code information for protein synthesis and is removed before translation of mRNA
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Exon
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A polynucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid that codes information for protein synthesis and that is copied and spliced together with other such sequences to form mRNA
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Nucleic acid hybridization
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DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, RNA-RNA
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Restriction enzymes
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Cut certain nucleotide sequences along the chain to protect against viruses
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Palindromic sequence
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Four to six nucleotides long; restriction site
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Recombinant DNA
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Two DNA fragments cleaved by the same endonuclease can be joined together regardless of the origin of the DNA
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Vector
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Carrier; Plasmid or infective virus
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Plasmid
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A chromosomal ring of DNA that replicates autonomously and is found especially in bacteria
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Complementary DNA (cDNA)
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Cloned DNA with no introns, reverse transcribed using reverse transcriptase
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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Amplifying specific DNA segments which exploits certain features of DNA replication
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Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs "snurps")
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Component of the spliceosome, removes introns in eukaryotic nuclei
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Anneal
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Formation of a double helix
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Southern blot
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Identifies target fragments of known DNA sequence in a large population of DNA
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Northern blot
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Identifies RNA fragments
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Western blot
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Detects a particular protein with antibodies in a mixture of proteins
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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)
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Variation in DNA fragment banding patterns of electrophoresed restriction sites of DNA from different individuals of a species
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Start codon
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AUG
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Stop codons
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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Genetic
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Four different nucleotides that code for the 20 possible amino acids
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Translation
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Protein synthesis directed by mRNA
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Anticodon
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A triplet of nucleotide bases in tRNA that binds to a complementary codon in mRNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome
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Ribosome
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A sphere-shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis
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Nucleolus
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An organelle found in the nucleus, containing rRNA and multiple copies of the genes coding for rRNA
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Peptidyl site (P site)
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A three nucleotide position in a ribosome in which peptidyl tRNA is found
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Aminoacyl site (A site)
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Occupied by an aminoacyl- tRNA just prior to peptide bond formation
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Single peptide
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20 amino acid sequence
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Post-translational modifications
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Sugars, lipids, or phosphate groups may be added to amino acids
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Signal-recognition particle (SRP)
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Protein RNA that carries the entire ribosome complex to a receptor protein on the ER
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Mutation
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Any alteration in the genome that is not a genetic recombination
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Mutagen
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A physical or chemical agent that increases the frequency of spontaneous mutations
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Missense mutation
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Base-pair mutation that occurs in the amino acid coding sequence of a gene
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Insertion/Deletion
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A type of point mutation that results in a frameshift mutation
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Nonsense mutation
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Created by a base-pair substitution, insertion or deletion and creates a stop codon (preventing translation)
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Inversion
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The orientation of a section of DNA is reversed on a chromosome
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Wild type
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The original state of the organism free of mutations
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Cancer
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Unrestrained and uncontrolled growth of cells
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Tumor
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A mass of cancer cells
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Metastasis
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Cancer cells establish tumors in other parts of the body
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Oncogene
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A gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous
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Carcinogen
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Mutagens that cause cancer
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Histones
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Any of several proteins that, together with DNA, make up most of the chromatin in a cell nucleus
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Carcinogen
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Mutagens that cause cancer
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Nucleus of human cells
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46 chromosomes
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Diploid
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Any cell that contains homologous pairs
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Haploid
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Single/simple unpaired cells
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Cell Life Cycle
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Four stages
1. Growth phase (G1) 2. Synthesis (S) 3. Second growth phase (G2) 4. Mitosis or Meiosis and Cytokinesis (C) |
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Mitosis
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Nuclear division without genetic change (Pro, Meta, Ana, Telo)
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Meiosis
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Double nuclear division which produces four haploid gametes (germ cells)
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