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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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G1
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the chromosomes are unduplicated and cytoplasm and organells are produced
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S
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DNA is replicated all chromosomes are duplicated
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G2
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interphase interval after DNA replication the cell prepares to divide
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prophase
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miitosis looses nuclear envalope, chromosomes start to condense
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metaphase
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mitosis centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. kinetochore spindle fibers attached to the sister chromatids come from opposite spindle poles
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anaphase
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mitosis microtubioles pull chromosomes apart in opisite directions
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telephase
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mitosis chromosomes are at the two poles and nuclear envalope reformes
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discribe cytokinesis in plant cells
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a plant cell forms midway between 2daughter nuclel and extends to the plasma membrane. vesicals containing cell wall componants fuse to form a cell plate
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discribe cytokinesis in animal cells
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the cleavage furrow pinches the cell into 2 cells
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what are sister chromatids and how are they held together
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identical chromosomes held together by centmere
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define mitosis
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nuclear division
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in normal human somatic cells there are 46 chromosomes (23 Pairs) in the nucleus. how many chromosomes/pairs are ther in the nucleus after the S phase of interphase?
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92 chromosomes and 46 pairs
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in normal human somatic cells there are 46 chromosomes (23 Pairs) in the nucleus. how many chromosomes/pairs are there in the nucleus after telophase and cytokineses are complete?
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46chromosomes and 23 pairs
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What is meiosis?
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a form of nuclear division in which the chromosome number is reduced by half.
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What are homologues?
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look alike and carry genes for the same traits
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What occurs during crossing over and when does it occur in meiosis?
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exchange of genetic material between 2 homologues. a way to achieve genetic recombination during meiosis.
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How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis?
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2 daughter cells
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How many daughter cells are produced by meiosis?
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4 daughter cells
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Are the daughter cells produced during mitosis haploid or diploid?
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diploid
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Are the daughter cells produced during meiosis haploid or diploid?
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haploid
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What is gametogenesis?
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formation of gemetes (sex cells) in animals.
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Where does gametogenesis occur in the male of the species and what is it called?
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in the testes of males where spermatogenesis produces sperm
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Where does gametogenesis occur in the female of the species and what is it called?
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occures in the ovaries where oogenesis produces oocytes (eggs)
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When does the secondary oocyte undergo meiosis?
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after fertilization
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What are the major differences between mitosis and meiosis?
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Mitosis makes two identical cells.
Meiosis makes four different cells. Mitosis makes two cells with exactly the same number of chromosomes. Meiosis makes four cells with half the number of chromosomes Mitosis only takes one step. Meiosis takes two steps. |
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what are the three classes of RNA required for protein synthesis?
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transfer RNA (TRNA) messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosome RNA (rRNA)
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what are the four bases found in RNA?
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A-C-G-U
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what RNA bases are found in DNA also?
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A-C & G
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how is base pairing different during DNA replication and mRNA transcription?
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instead of thymeine (T) uracel (U) is used
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transcribe the following strand of DNA to mRNA
T-A-C-G-C-C-A-A-T-A-C-G-G-G-G-G-T-A-A-T-T |
A-U-G-C-G-G-U-U-A-U-G-C-C-C-C-C-A-U-U-A-A
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if a mistake is made during DNA replication and the third base triplet is altered to A-T how does this change your new polypeptide chain?
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it changes the entire protien
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what is the name for the mutation that changes the third triplet of DNA from A-A-T to A-T-T
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base pair substitution
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what is the name for the mution that changes the third triplet of DNA from A-A-T to A-T
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frame shift mutation
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what is the production of mRNA from DNA called?
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transcription
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what is the production of a polyepeptide chains (protien) from mRNA called?
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translation
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what structures must come together to make the initiation complex
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TRNA, mRNA & rRNA
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where does DNA replication occur
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in the nucleous
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where is RNA produced?
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in the nucleous
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where are polypeptide chains (protiens) produced?
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in the cytoplasm
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what is a polypeptide chain?
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a protien
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what are the three broad categories of enzymes with roles in DNA replication and repair?
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DNA hylacase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
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what does DNA Hylacase do?
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separates the two strands from one another
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what does DNA polymerase do?
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copies both strands of DNA and puts them together in one countiuous peice
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what does DNA ligase do?
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puts strands of DNA together in chunks
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what type of bond is used to bond the complimentary strands of DNA together?
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hydrogen bonds
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what amino acids bond with each other in DNA?
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T bonds with A
A bonds with T C bonds with G G bonds with C |
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what amino acids bond with each other in RNA
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A bonds with U
U bonds with A C bonds with G G bonds with C |
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in which phase of the cell cycle is the DNA replicated?
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S Phase
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what are the parts of a DNA nucleotide?
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5 carbon sugar, a nitrogeneous base and a phostphate group
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list the nitrogen containing bases associated with DNA
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adenine, cytosine, thymine, or guanine
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why is dna replication called semi-conservative?
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It states that the two strands of DNA first unwind and each strand acts as a template for the building up of a complimentary strand.
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