Biology Lab Midterm

Front 1

All micrsocope have objective "lenses".

True

False

Back 1

True

Front 2

Electron microscopes have the ability to resolve such small objects because electrons have a much longer wavelength than the photons of visible light.

True

False

Back 2

False

Front 3

Which type of cell does NOT have a cell wall?

animal

plant

bacteria

Back 3

animal

Front 4

Which organelles are visible with the light microscope?

nucleus

nucleolus

vacuole

all of the above

Back 4

all of the above

Front 5

A transmission electron microscope is the best type of microscope to use to observe small surface detail.

True

False

Back 5

False

Front 6

Animal cells are generally larger than plant cells.

True

False

Back 6

False

Front 7

Mitochondria are about the same size as bacterial cells.

True

False

Back 7

True

Front 8

The microscope is one of the most significant tools in the advancement of biological science.

True

False

Back 8

True

Front 9

Only a light microscope can be used to observe live specimens.

True

False

Back 9

True

Front 10

Transmission electron microscopes are capable of _____ magnifcation.

1000x

10,000x

100,000x

1,000,000x

Back 10

100,000x

Front 11

Why is carbon's ability to bond to other carbon atoms so useful in biochemistry?

Carbon is the only element with the ability to bond to itself as well as to other atoms.

Carbon is the only element with the bonding flexibility necessary to construct the vast array of biochemicals seen in living systems.

Carbon can bond ONLY with N, S, H, O, and P, which makes it an essential atom for use in organic molecules.

Back 11

Carbon is the only element with the bonding flexibility necessary to construct the vast array of biochemicals seen in living systems.

Front 12

The atomic ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen for most carbohydrates is 2 : 1 : 2.

True

False

Back 12

False

Front 13

What defines a lipid?

They are soluble in water.

They are polymers.

They are insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

They always have a multi-ringed structure.

Back 13

They are insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

Front 14

Proteins are long chains of amino acids.

True

False

Back 14

True

Front 15

What are the DNA "bonding rules" that allow DNA to maintain its specific structure? Select all that are correct.

A only bonds to T.

C only bonds to G.

A only bonds to U

C only bonds to T.

Back 15

A only bonds to T.

C only bonds to G.

Front 16

Match the class of biochemical to its description

____nucleic acid

____protein

____lipid

____carbohydrate

1.contribue to cell structures, enzymes, gene regulation, hormones, pigments, buffers, and antibodies

2.serve as energy-storage molecules or structural elements in cells

3.high-energy molecules that provide energy for metabolic reactions, serve as energy-storage molecules, and structural material

4.involved with the storage and exectuion of hereditary information and in energy transfer

Back 16

__4__nucleic acid

__1__protein

__2__lipid

__3__carbohydrate

Front 17

Glucose is an example of a disaccharide, a carbohydrate composed of two sugar subunits.

True

False

Back 17

False

Front 18

Oleic acid is an example of an unsaturated fat because not all of the binding sites for hydrogen are occupied by hydrogen.

True

False

Back 18

True

Front 19

Which of the following is NOT an element common to all amino acids?

alpha carbon

hydrogen

amino group

R-group

carboxyl group

Back 19

R-group

Front 20

Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA consists of the bases A, T, C, and G.

RNA consists of the bases A, U, C, and G.

DNA includes deoxyribose and RNA includes ribose.

DNA forms a single helix and RNA forms a double helix.

Back 20

DNA forms a single helix and RNA forms a double helix.

Front 21

Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria.

True

False

Back 21

True

Front 22

All cells possess a _____.

cell wall.

nucleus.

cell membrane.

nucleolus.

Back 22

cell membrane.

Front 23

Identify the function of each cell organelle.

____Mitochondria

____Cell Wall

____Cell Membrane

____Golgi Body

____Nucleus

1.A repository for genetic material in the cell and controls all cellular activity

2.physically protects and supports the cell

3.packages and processes macromolecules

4.regulates the movement of water, ions, and organic molecules into and out of the cell

5.site of cellular respiration and ATP production

Back 23

__5__Mitochondria

__2__Cell Wall

__4__Cell Membrane

__3__Golgi Body

__1__Nucleus

Front 24

The nuclear envelope is perforated by gap junctions.

True

False

Back 24

False

Front 25

What is the rough ER's function in the cell?

It is a site of carbohydrate synthesis.

It is a site of protein synthesis.

It is a site of RNA synthesis.

It is a site of lipid synthesis.

Back 25

It is a site of protein synthesis.

Front 26

What does cell theory state? Check all that apply.

All living things are composed of cells.

All cells have the same structures.

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

All cells are eukaryotic.

Back 26

All living things are composed of cells.

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Front 27

All cells share the following common features: (Check all that apply)

cell membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm

DNA

Back 27

cell membrane

cytoplasm

Front 28

Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller in size and simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells.

True

False

Back 28

True

Front 29

The cell membrane is a thin, complex arrangement of only proteins that is ultimately the only barrier between the highly ordered interior of the cell and its disorganized external environment.

True

False

Back 29

False

Front 30

Diffusion is a process by which atoms and molecules move from regions where their concentration is high to regions where their concentration is low.

True

False

Back 30

True

Front 31

Temperature affects the rate of diffusion.

True

False

Back 31

True

Front 32

As temperature increases, the rate of diffusion _____.

increases.

decreases.

remains the same.

Back 32

increases.

Front 33

If a membrane is impermeable, diffusive equilibrium is impossible.

True

False

Back 33

True

Front 34

Osmosis refers to the diffusion of _____ across a semipermeable membrane.

water

all dissolved solute

any dissolved solute

both water and any dissolved solute

Back 34

water

Front 35

Diffusion is fastest when the concentration gradient is _____.

small

modest

large

Back 35

large

Front 36

When a cell reaches equilibrium, solute movement stops.

True

False

Back 36

False

Front 37

Which level of membrane permeability allows the cell to reach equilibrium with its environment the fastest?

0.05

0.10

0.20

None of the above. Membrane permeability does not influence the time it takes to reach equilibrium.

Back 37

0.20

Front 38

Altering the permeability of the membrane changes the equilibrium concentration of the solute in the cell.

True

False

Back 38

False

Front 39

Correctly match the phase of the cell cycle with the major event that occurs during that phase.

____G2 Phase

____S Phase

____Mitosis

____G1 Phase

____Cytokinesis

1.Spindle Fiber Synthesis

2.DNA Synthesis

3.Nuclear Division

4.Cytoplasmic Division

5.RNA Synthesis

Back 39

__1__G2 Phase

__2__S Phase

__3__Mitosis

__5__G1 Phase

__4__Cytokinesis

Front 40

In a cell like a neuron, that virtually never divides, the cell is apparently locked in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

True

False

Back 40

False

Front 41

How many cells are produced from a single cell after four mitotic divisions?

4

8

16

32

Back 41

16

Front 42

In which pahse of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Back 42

anaphase

Front 43

Match the process to the correct description.

____Mitosis

____Meiosis

1.Produces four cells that are genetically distinct from the parent cell and each other.

2.Produces two daughter cells are are genetically identical to each other and the parent.

Back 43

__2__Mitosis

__1__Meiosis

Front 44

A multi-nucleate cell does not use the mitosis phase of the cell cycle.

True

False

Back 44

False

Front 45

Centrioles are only found in animal cells.

True

False

Back 45

True

Front 46

Cytokinesis occurs in the same manner in both plant and animal cells.

True

False

Back 46

False

Front 47

If one daughter cell contains a meiotic nucleus with two copies of a chromosome, and the other daughter cell does not have a copy of that chromosome, then this situation was caused by a centromere not dividing in telophase II.

True

False

Back 47

False

Front 48

One major difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis produces haploid cells while meiosis produces diploid cells.

True

False

Back 48

False

Front 49

Match the reagent with the correct biochemical that it is used to identify.

____Ninhydrin

____Nile blue

____Orcinol

____I2KI (Iodine/potassium iodide)

____Biuret

1.Lipids

2.5 or 6 carbon sugars

3.Amino acids

4.Protein

5.Starch

Back 49

__3__Ninhydrin

__1__Nile blue

__2__Orcinol

__5__I2KI (Iodine/potassium iodide)

__4__Biuret

Front 50

Spectrophotometers measure both color and intensity.

True

False

Back 50

False

Front 51

Ninhydrin turns blue in the presence of protein.

True

False

Back 51

False

Front 52

Orcinol turns blue-green in the presence of starch.

True

False

Back 52

False

Orcinol reacts with sugar, not starch.

Front 53

As the concentration of a specific biochemical in a sample increases, the intensity measurement for that biochemical increases.

True

False

Back 53

True

Front 54

Which biochemical is generally not found in samples of animal tissue?

Amino acid

Protein

Sugar

Starch

Lipid

Back 54

Starch

Front 55

Animal products generally have high lipid and protein levels while plants have more sugar.

True

False

Back 55

True

Front 56

Match the dietary habit to the correct teeth description.

____Herbivorous

____Carnivorous

____Omnivorous

1.Large and flat teeth

2.Long and sharp teeth

3.Both large and flat teeth AND long and sharp teeth

Back 56

__1__Herbivorous

__2__Carnivorous

__3__Omnivorous

Front 57

The tooth morphology of an animal is related to its diet.

True

False

Back 57

True

Front 58

Match the dietary habit to each species of dinosaur based on observations from the lab.

____Herbivore

____Herbivore

____Omnivore

____Carnivore

1.Species 1

2.Species 2

3.Species 3

4.Species 4

Back 58

__2__Herbivore

__3__Herbivore

__4__Omnivore

__1__Carnivore

Front 59

Photosynthesis consists of two coupled sequences of reactions, the light-dependent reactions, also known as the Calvin Cycle, and the light-independent reactions, also known as carbon dioxide fixation.

True

False

Back 59

False

Front 60

T.W. Engelmann was able to determine the effect of different wavelengths of light on photosynthesis by using Spirogyra and oxygen-seeking bacteria.

True

False

Back 60

True

Front 61

According to Engelmann's experiment, in photosynthesis, which gas is being produced?

carbon dioxide

oxygen

ozone

nitrogen dioxide

Back 61

oxygen

Front 62

In photosynthesis, oxygen production is light-independent.

True

False

Back 62

False

Front 63

Which wavelengths of light are most effective in photosynthesis? Select all correct answers.

red

orange

yellow

green

blue

Back 63

red

blue

Front 64

How many photosynthetic pigments were present in the spinach leaf extract sample?

1

2

3

4

Back 64

4

Front 65

Photosynthesis in the field is generally limited by light.

True

False

Back 65

False

Front 66

Photosynthesis in the field is generally limited by the concentration of carbon dioxide.

True

False

Back 66

True

Front 67

The rate of photosynthesis increased consistently over the entire range of carbon dioxide concentrations available in the lab.

True

False

Back 67

False

Front 68

The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by determining the amount of radioactive carbon dioxide that is fixed into carbohydrate.

True

False

Back 68

True

Front 69

Which type of microscope creates an image by capturing electrons ejected from the specimen?

SEM

TEM

LM

Back 69

SEM

Front 70

Which type of microscope can be used to observe living cells and tissues?

TEM

LM

SEM

Back 70

LM

Front 71

Which type of microscope has the greatest resolving power?

electron microscopes

light microscopes.

Back 71

electron microscopes

Front 72

How small is the smallest object that can be seen with a light microscope?

0.2 ?m

2 nm

0.2 nm

2 ?m

Back 72

0.2 ?m

Front 73

How small is the smallest object that can be observed using a transmission electron microscope?

0.2 nm

2 nm

0.2 ?m

2 ?m

Back 73

0.2 nm

Front 74

Why do electron microscopes have the ability resolve such small objects?

Because electrons have a much shorter wavelength than the photons of visible light

Because electrons have a much longer wavelength than the photons of visible light

Back 74

Because electrons have a much shorter wavelength than the photons of visible light

Front 75

Which type of microscope would be used to observe structures on the surface of an individual cell?

TEM

LM

SEM

Back 75

SEM

Front 76

Which microscope allows the use of color to enhance contrast?

light

scanning electron

transmission electron

Back 76

light

Front 77

Which type of microscope reveals the most fine detail of internal cellular structure?

scanning electron

light

transmission electron

Back 77

transmission electron

Front 78

Which organelles are visible with the light microscope?

nucleolus

nucleus

vacuole

all of the above

Back 78

all of the above

Front 79

To study the fine structure of a mitochondrion, which type of microscope is least appropriate?

transmission electron

light

scanning electron

Back 79

light

Front 80

Which type of microscope provides the greatest depth of field?

scanning electron

light

transmission electron

Back 80

scanning electron

Front 81

Which type of microscope is used for observing small surface detail?

transmission electron

light

scanning electron

Back 81

scanning electron

Front 82

As a tissue, blood is composed of only one type of cell.

False

True

Back 82

False

Front 83

Chloroplasts are a feature of ________________

all cells.

plant cells.

animal cells.

bacteria cells.

Back 83

plant cells.

Front 84

Mitochondria are about the same size as bacterial cells.

False

True

Back 84

True

Front 85

Are plant and animal cells generally the same size?

No, animal cells are generally larger.

No, plant cells are generally larger.

Yes

Back 85

No, plant cells are generally larger.

Front 86

Plant and animals cells are generally _______bacterial cells.

larger than

the same size as

smaller than

Back 86

larger than

Front 87

Are all nuclei the same size (diameter)?

Yes

No

Back 87

No

Front 88

Are plant nuclei always larger than animal nuclei?

No

Yes

Back 88

No

Front 89

Which cell type has the largest nucleus?

typical plant cell

bat epithelium (intestines)

onion root

neuron

Back 89

neuron

Front 90

Sucrose is considered a disaccharide because:

It has two simple sugar subunits.

It has ten simple sugar subunits.

It has three or more simple sugar subunits.

Back 90

It has two simple sugar subunits.

Front 91

Are all of the sugar subunits the same?

no

yes

Back 91

no

Front 92

Given what you have learned about the structure and solubility of glucose, would you predict that sucrose is soluble in water?

no

yes

Back 92

yes

Front 93

As depicted in the 3D Viewer, glucose is ______________.

a molecule with the atoms arranged in a ring

a straight chain molecule

Back 93

a molecule with the atoms arranged in a ring

Front 94

Do all of the carbon atoms in glucose participate in the formation of the ring?

no

yes

Back 94

no

Front 95

Consider how many of each type of atom is present in a single molecule of glucose. Which of the following pairings is incorrect?

O = 12

H = 12

C = 6

Back 95

O = 12

Front 96

In carbohydrates, electrons are shared unequally between oxygen and hydrogen atoms (electrons are more strongly attracted to the oxygen). Would you predict that glucose is soluble or insoluble in water?

soluble

insoluble

Back 96

insoluble

Front 97

What is the chemical structural backbone of a nucleic acid?

a sugar-phosphate structure

a carboxyl group

a fatty acid chain

an amine group

Back 97

a sugar-phosphate structure

Front 98

What subunits make up the DNA polymer?

amine groups combined with one of the four bases A, T, G, or C

deoxyribose combined with one of the four bases A, T, G, or C

ribose combined with one of the four bases A, T, G, or C

amine groups combined with sugar-phosphate groups

Back 98

deoxyribose combined with one of the four bases A, T, G, or C

Front 99

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

mDNA and rRNA

none of the above (there is only one type of nucleic acid and it is DNA)

mRNA and tRNA

DNA and RNA

Back 99

DNA and RNA

Front 100

How are DNA and RNA similar?

They are both comprised of deoxyribonucleic acid.

They are both comprised of long chains of glucose.

They are both comprised of long chains of nucleotides.

None of the above.

Back 100

They are both comprised of long chains of nucleotides.

Front 101

How are DNA and RNA different?

RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose.

DNA contains the bases A, T, G, and C.

RNA contains the bases A, U, G, and C.

All of the above.

Back 101

All of the above.

Front 102

What are the components of nucleotides?

an amino, a phosphate group, and a fatty acid chain

a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

an amine group, a carboxyl, and a side chain

a nitrogenous base, a carboxyl, and a side chain

Back 102

a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

Front 103

What are the DNA "bonding rules" that allow DNA to maintain its specific structure?

A only bonds to T.

Both a and b above.

A only bonds to U.

C only bonds to G.

Back 103

Both a and b above.

Front 104

In what way are all amino acids similar?

They all have a distinctive side chain.

All of the above.

They all have a carboxyl group.

They all have an amino group.

Back 104

All of the above.

Front 105

What type of bond typically links two different proteins together?

none of the above

a disulfide bond

a hydrogen bond

a bond resulting from a dehydration synthesis reaction

Back 105

a disulfide bond

Front 106

What are proteins?

long chains of glucose molecules

long chains of amino acids

long chains of nucleotides

long chains of fatty acids

Back 106

long chains of amino acids

Front 107

What functions do proteins perform?

all of the above

in gene regulation

in structural and mechanical support

as catalysts in chemical reactions

Back 107

all of the above

Front 108

What levels of structure can proteins assume?

both a and b above

primary only

tertiary and quaternary

primary and secondary

Back 108

both a and b above

Front 109

Which level of protein structure has the greatest effect on the remaining levels?

secondary

quaternary

tertiary

primary

Back 109

primary

Front 110

What are amino acids?

subunits of lipids

subunits of carbohydrates

subunits of proteins

subunits of nucleic acids

Back 110

subunits of proteins

Front 111

How are amino acids different from one another?

The central backbone of the amino acid molecule is different in each one.

The carboxyl group is somewhat variable in each one.

The amino group is different in each one.

The R-group, or side chain, is different in each amino acid.

Back 111

The R-group, or side chain, is different in each amino acid.

Front 112

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

the variable group

the charged phosphate group

the fatty acid chain

the uncharged phosphate group

Back 112

the fatty acid chain

Front 113

What defines a lipid?

They are soluble in water.

They are insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

They always have a multi-ringed structure.

They are polymers.

Back 113

They are insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

Front 114

What functions are performed by lipids?

They are used for defense against invading pathogens in the cell.

They are used for transport of other molecules.

They are used for speeding up chemical reactions in the cell.

They are used for energy storage and as components of various cellular structures.

Back 114

They are used for energy storage and as components of various cellular structures.

Front 115

What physical properties of phospholipids make them useful in building membranes?

their usefulness in cells in living organisms that exist in watery environments, due to their polarity

their ability to form a bilayer because of their polar and non-polar components

all of the above

their ability to interact with polar and non-polar compounds

Back 115

all of the above

Front 116

Why are steroids considered lipids?

Because they are not soluble in polar solvents.

Because they are soluble in polar solvents at certain temperatures.

Because they are soluble in polar solvents.

None of the above.

Back 116

Because they are not soluble in polar solvents.

Front 117

The atomic ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen for most carbohydrates is:

1:2:2

2:1:1

2:1:2

1:2:1

Back 117

1:2:1

Front 118

Does the empirical formula for carbohydrates convey any structural information?

None of the above.

It may convey structural information for branching chained carbohydrates.

It may convey structural information for ringed carbohydrates.

No.

Back 118

No.

Front 119

Disaccharides are composed of ____ simple sugars.

1

3

2

10

Back 119

2

Front 120

Select the pairing that is incorrect.

polysaccharide – three or more sugar subunits

disaccharide – two sugar subunits

polysaccharide – three (only) sugar subunits

monosaccharide – one sugar subunit

Back 120

polysaccharide – three (only) sugar subunits

Front 121

Biochemistry is based on the chemistry of which element?

hydrogen

sulfur

carbon

oxygen

Back 121

carbon

Front 122

Why is carbon's ability to bond to other carbon atoms so useful in biochemistry?

Carbon can bond only with N, S, H, O and P, which makes it an essential atom for use in organic molecules.

More than one of the above answers is correct.

Carbon is the only element with the bonding flexibility necessary to construct the vast array of biochemicals seen in living systems.

Carbon is the only element with the ability to bond to itself as well as to other atoms.

Back 122

Carbon is the only element with the bonding flexibility necessary to construct the vast array of biochemicals seen in living systems.

Front 123

How many individual bonds can a single carbon atom make?

1

2

4

3

Back 123

4

Front 124

What type(s) of shape can carbon molecules assume?

a combination of both chains and rings

rings

rings combined with each other, but not with chains

chains

Back 124

a combination of both chains and rings

Front 125

Cytoplasmic DNA is a feature of _______________cells.

animal

prokaryotic

eukaryotic

plant

Back 125

prokaryotic

Front 126

Prokaryotic cell walls are constructed out of ______________.

cellulose

starch

gelatin

peptidoglycans

Back 126

starch

Front 127

Based on the location of the flagellum, what function do you think it serves?

none of the above.

it plays a role in the exocytosis process.

it is a receptor site for proteins.

locomotion.

Back 127

locomotion.

Front 128

Which structure is found only in animal cells?

nucleus

centriole

chromosome

mitochondrion

Back 128

centriole

Front 129

Which of the following organelles is bounded by a double membrane?

chromosome

Golgi body

mitochondrion

centriole

Back 129

mitochondrion

Front 130

If a cell has a large quantity of rough ER, what does this suggest about the activity of that cell?

The cell is dying.

The cell stores fats.

The cell produces a lot of protein.

The cell serves a protective function.

Back 130

The cell produces a lot of protein.

Front 131

All animal cells contain the same type and quantity of organelles?

false

true

Back 131

false

Front 132

Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria.

true

false

Back 132

true

Front 133

All cells possess a _____________.

nucleolus

nucleus

cell wall

plasma membrane

Back 133

plasma membrane

Front 134

The cell walls of plant cells and prokaryotic cells are structurally identical.

false

true

Back 134

false

Front 135

Photosynthesis is conducted in ___________.

the nucleus

the cell wall

the cell membrane

chloroplasts

Back 135

chloroplasts

Front 136

What is the plasma membrane’s function in the cell?

It regulates the movement of ions into and out of the cell.

It regulates the movement of water into and out of the cell.

It regulates the movement of organic molecules into and out of the cell.

All of the above.

Back 136

All of the above.

Front 137

What property describes the plasma membrane’s ability to regulate movement of molecules into and out of the cell?

permeability

integrity

polarity

solubility

Back 137

permeability

Front 138

What cellular functions do the membrane macromolecules serve?

serve as a barrier to prevent potentially harmful molecules from entering the cell

all of the above

allow passage of appropriate molecules into the cell

identify molecules attempting to enter the cell

Back 138

all of the above

Front 139

What is the cell wall’s function in the cell?

identify potentially harmful molecules outside the cell

enclose the cell in a polar envelope

physically protect and support

prevent water from leaving the cell

Back 139

physically protect and support

Front 140

What is the mitochondrion’s function in the cell?

lipid packaging for export from the cell

protein synthesis

cellular water balance regulation

cellular respiration and ATP production

Back 140

cellular respiration and ATP production

Front 141

What is the Golgi body’s function in the cell?

digestion of worn-out cell organelles

ATP production

packaging and processing center for macromolecules

transport of glucose molecules

Back 141

packaging and processing center for macromolecules

Front 142

What is the function of the nucleus in the cell?

It controls all cellular activity.

It is the repository for most of the genetic material (chromatin) in the cell.

Both a and b above.

It is responsible for packaging DNA fragments.

Back 142

Both a and b above.

Front 143

How would you characterize the amount of molecular traffic entering and leaving the nucleus?

There is a low amount of traffic entering and leaving the nucleus.

There is a high amount of traffic entering and leaving the nucleus.

Traffic is entering and leaving the nucleus exclusively at the time of cell division.

There is a moderate amount of traffic entering and leaving the nucleus.

Back 143

There is a high amount of traffic entering and leaving the nucleus.

Front 144

The nuclear envelope is perforated by _______________________.

nuclear pores

none of the above

gap junctions

plasmodesmata

Back 144

nuclear pores

Front 145

What is the function of the nucleolus in the cell?

It is the site of DNA synthesis.

It is the site of ATP synthesis.

It is where worn-out DNA molecules are disassembled.

It is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.

Back 145

It is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.

Front 146

What is the chloroplasts’ function in the cell?

They are the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotes.

They synthesize high-energy carbohydrates.

They absorb and use energy from sunlight.

All of the above.

Back 146

All of the above.

Front 147

Thylakoids are structures associated with the ____________ of chloroplasts.

stroma

cristae

grana

pigments

Back 147

grana

Front 148

What is the rough ER’s function in the cell?

It is a site of lipid synthesis.

It is a site of carbohydrate synthesis.

It is a site of RNA synthesis.

It is a site of protein synthesis.

Back 148

It is a site of protein synthesis.

Front 149

What is the centriole’s function in the cell?

It organizes the cell’s contents.

It is an anchoring point for the spindle apparatus during nuclear division in animal cells.

It is an anchoring point for the spindle apparatus during nuclear division in plant cells.

It stabilizes the nucleus in the middle of the cell.

Back 149

It is an anchoring point for the spindle apparatus during nuclear division in animal cells.

Front 150

What is the function of the vacuole in the cell?

It maintains correct ion balance.

It provides a compartment in which toxic substances may be isolated.

It maintains water balance.

All of the above.

Back 150

All of the above.

Front 151

By definition, for osmosis to occur, the membrane separating two compartments must be permeable to the dissolved solute.

True

False

Back 151

False

Front 152

Osmosis refers to the diffusion of ________ across a semipermeable membrane.

water

all dissolved solutes

any dissolved solute

both water and any dissolved solute

Back 152

water

Front 153

If a membrane is impermeable to water, the flow in and flow out will both be zero.

True

False

Back 153

True

Front 154

As water flows into the osmometer, the pressure measured by the instrument ________

never stabilizes.

slowly falls to zero.

decreases.

increases.

Back 154

increases.

Front 155

If a membrane is impermeable to water, the pressure measured by the osmometer will remain constant.

False

True

Back 155

True

Front 156

Does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

no

yes

Back 156

yes

Front 157

At equilibrium, all molecular movement stops.

False

True

Back 157

False

Front 158

Temperature ________ the final equilibrium concentration of a diffusing molecule.

slightly alters

always alters

substantially alters

does not alter

Back 158

does not alter

Front 159

The diffusive movement of an individual atom or molecule is independent of the diffusive movements of any other atom or molecule in the system.

True

False

Back 159

True

Front 160

As temperature increases, the rate of diffusion ________

decreases.

increases.

remains the same.

Back 160

increases.

Front 161

Diffusion is the movement of atoms or molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.

True

False

Back 161

True

Front 162

As membrane permeability increases, the rate of water movement into the osmometer ________

decreases.

increases.

is unaffected.

Back 162

increases.

Front 163

What does Kpermeability measure?

The amount of sucrose in the solution

The permeability of the membrane

The speed of the osmometer

Back 163

The permeability of the membrane

Front 164

As Kpermeability increases, the permeability of the membrane to water ________

decreases.

increases.

is unaffected.

falls to zero.

Back 164

increases.

Front 165

As Kpermeability increases, the rate of water movement into the osmometer ________

is unaffected.

decreases.

increases.

Back 165

increases.

Front 166

Does the permeability of the membrane to water affect the equilibrium flowin-flowout value?

No

Yes

Back 166

No

Front 167

Does the permeability of the membrane affect the time required to reach equilibrium?

Yes

No

Back 167

Yes

Front 168

Is Membrane 2 permeable to both molecules?

No

Yes

Back 168

No

Front 169

For the molecule that is impermeable, is diffusive equilibrium possible?

No

Yes

Back 169

No

Front 170

For the molecule that can freely move across the membrane, is diffusive equilibrium ever achieved?

No

Yes

Back 170

Yes

Front 171

Diffusion is fastest when the concentration gradient is ________

large

modest

small

Back 171

large

Front 172

The rate of diffusion is affected by the permeability of the membrane to the diffusing solute.

False

True

Back 172

True

Front 173

As a membrane becomes increasingly less permeable to a solute, the rate of diffusion for that solute will ________

decrease.

increase.

remain the same.

Back 173

decrease.

Front 174

When a cell reaches equilibrium, solute movement stops.

True

False

Back 174

False

Front 175

If a cell is permeable to a solute, that solute will diffuse either into or out of the cell depending on the direction of its concentration gradient.

True

False

Back 175

True

Front 176

Which level of membrane permeability allows the cell to reach equilibrium with its environment the fastest?

0.10

None of the above. Membrane permeability does not influence the time it takes to reach equilibrium.

0.20

0.05

Back 176

0.20

Front 177

Does altering the permeability characteristics of the membrane change the direction of solute movement?

No

Yes

Back 177

No

Front 178

Does altering the permeability of the membrane change the equilibrium concentration of the solute in the cell?

Yes

No

Back 178

No

Front 179

During which phase of the cell cycle is the nucleus actually dividing?

Cytokinesis

G2

G1

S

Mitosis

Back 179

Mitosis

Front 180

In general, neurons are locked into G1.

False

True

Back 180

True

Front 181

How many phases are there in the eukaryotic cell cycle?

2

1

4

3

5

Back 181

5

Front 182

During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes being copied?

Mitosis

G1

G2

Cytokinesis

S

Back 182

S

Front 183

Cytokinesis is always tied to division of the nucleus.

True

False

Back 183

False

Front 184

After the cell enters which phase does division seem inevitable?

Cells are always preparing for division.

Cytokinesis

G1

G2

S

Back 184

S

Front 185

In cells that virtually never divide, in which phase are they apparently locked?

Mitosis

G2

All cells divide on a regular basis.

G1

Cytokinesis

Back 185

G1

Front 186

In multi-nucleate cells, which phase of the cell cycle is not utilized?

G1

Cytokinesis

G2

Mitosis

Back 186

Cytokinesis

Front 187

Chromatin is a feature of a(n) ___________ nucleus.

prophase

interphase

anaphase

metaphase

Back 187

interphase

Front 188

During which stage of mitosis does the nucleolus disappear?

Prophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Interphase

Back 188

Prophase

Front 189

During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to reappear?

Telophase

Interphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Back 189

Telophase

Front 190

How many cells are produced from a single cell after five mitotic divisions?

32

16

8

10

Back 190

32

Front 191

Centrioles are only found in plant cells.

False

True

Back 191

False

Front 192

Crossing over is an event associated with mitosis.

No

Yes

Back 192

No

Front 193

As the chromosomes become more organized (compact and visible), when is this organization complete?

Cytokinesis

Metaphase

c .Anaphase

Telophase

Prophase

Back 193

Metaphase

Front 194

What is the diploid number of chromosomes in the cells in this activity?

The plant and animal cells have different diploid numbers.

1

2

4

Back 194

2

Front 195

Are the stages of mitosis the same in plants and animals?

No

Yes

Back 195

Yes

Front 196

Is cytokinesis the same in plant and animal cells?

Yes

No

Back 196

No

Front 197

Which type of cell uses cell plate formation to divide the cytoplasm?

Plant

Both

Animal

Neither

Back 197

Plant

Front 198

Homologous chromosomes pair during ____________________

metaphase I.

telophase I.

metaphase II.

prophase I.

Back 198

prophase I.

Front 199

Crossing over occurs during ______________________

prophase II.

telophase II.

metaphase I.

prophase I.

Back 199

prophase I.

Front 200

Meiosis produces _____________ haploid nuclei.

1

2

3

4

Back 200

4

Front 201

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes to one-_______ of the original number.

eighth

sixteenth

half

fourth

Back 201

half

Front 202

During meiosis, the centromeres divide as the cell moves into ______________

telophase I.

metaphase II.

prophase.

anaphase II.

Back 202

anaphase II.

Front 203

What is the number of chromosomes in the parental cell?

4

8

2

1

Back 203

4

Front 204

Are the four haploid products of meiosis genetically identical?

Yes

No

Back 204

No

Front 205

Consider this anomaly in daughter cells: One meiotic nucleus has two copies of a chromosome, and the other daughter cells does not have a copy of that chromosome. What caused this situation?

a centromere did not divide during prophase II

a centromere did not divide in anaphase II

a centromere did not divide during telophase I

a centromere did not divide in metaphase I

Back 205

a centromere did not divide in anaphase II

Front 206

Ninhydrin is used to test for the presence of lipids.

True

False

Back 206

False

Front 207

What color develops when ninhydrin reacts with amino acids in a sample?

Purple

Red

Blue-green

Blue

Back 207

Blue

Front 208

What is the intensity of that color?

75

25

100

50

Back 208

100

Front 209

Biuret is used to test for the presence of starches.

False

True

Back 209

False

Front 210

What color develops when biuret reacts with proteins in a sample?

Blue-green

Purple

Red

Blue

Back 210

Purple

Front 211

What is the intensity of that color?

50

25

100

75

Back 211

100

Front 212

Simple sugars like glucose can be detected and measured using orcinol.

True

False

Back 212

True

Front 213

What color develops when orcinol reacts with pentose sugars in a sample?

Purple

Red

Blue

Blue-green

Back 213

Blue-green

Front 214

What is the intensity of that color?

100

75

25

50

Back 214

100

Front 215

I2KI is used to test for the presence of sugars.

False

True

Back 215

False

Front 216

What color develops when I2KI reacts with starches in a sample?

Purple

Blue-green

Blue

Red

Back 216

Blue

Front 217

What is the intensity of that color?

100

50

25

75

Back 217

100

Front 218

Nile blue is used to test for the presence of amino acids.

False

True

Back 218

False

Front 219

What color develops when Nile blue reacts with lipids in a sample?

Blue-green

Blue

Red

Purple

Back 219

Red

Front 220

What is the intensity of that color?

25

75

100

50

Back 220

100

Front 221

Ninhydrin, biuret, orcinol, I2KI, and Nile blue are all reagents that can be used to detect and measure specific classes of biochemicals.

True

False

Back 221

True

Front 222

The spectrophotometer in this exercise measures ________

color and intensity.

color only.

neither color nor intensity.

intensity only.

Back 222

intensity only.

Front 223

Which reagent can be used to detect proteins?

orcinol

ninhydrin

biuret

Nile blue

Back 223

biuret

Front 224

Which reagent is used to test for the presence of starch?

Nile blue

I2KI

Biuret

Ninhydrin

Back 224

I2KI

Front 225

How many different biochemicals were detected in samples from potatoes?

3

4

2

5

Back 225

5

Front 226

As the concentration of a specific biochemical in a sample increases, the intensity measurement for that biochemical decreases.

True

False

Back 226

False

Front 227

All living cells would test positive for amino acids.

True

False

Back 227

True

Front 228

Which biochemical is generally not found in samples of animal tissue?

Protein

Starch

Lipid

Amino acids

Back 228

Starch

Front 229

Based on your analyses, which food would have the lowest nutritional value, i.e. the lowest amount of biochemicals?

Milk

Liver

Apple

Back 229

Apple

Front 230

As the concentration of a specific biochemical in a sample increases, the intensity measurement for that biochemical decreases.

False

True

Back 230

False

Front 231

Were similar amounts of all classes of biochemical detected in each sample?

No

Yes

Back 231

No

Front 232

Do all plant samples have similar profiles?

Yes

No

Back 232

No

Front 233

Do all animal samples have similar profiles?

Yes

No

Back 233

No

Front 234

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects samples from living organisms?

animal products have only starch, plants have sugar and fat

animal products have high fat and protein, plants have more sugar

animal products have more sugar and starch, plants have more fat and protein

animal products have high fat and sugar, plants have sugar and starch

Back 234

animal products have high fat and protein, plants have more sugar

Front 235

Which type of dinosaur might possess long and sharp, as well as large and flat teeth?

Carnivore

Herbivore

Omnivore

Back 235

Omnivore

Front 236

Long, sharp teeth that are good for ripping and tearing of flesh would be characteristic of ____________ dinosaurs.

herbivorous

carnivorous

omnivorous

Back 236

carnivorous

Front 237

Omnivorous animals consume both plant and animal tissue.

True

False

Back 237

True

Front 238

The tooth morphology of an animal is related to its diet.

True

False

Back 238

True

Front 239

Large teeth with flat surfaces would be characteristic of _____________ dinosaurs.

herbivorous

carnivorous

omnivorous

Back 239

herbivorous

Front 240

Did all of the fossil skulls appear to have teeth?

Yes

No

Back 240

Yes

Front 241

Do different types of teeth have different functions?

Yes

No

Back 241

Yes

Front 242

Do any of the dinosaurs appear to be omnivores?

No

Yes

Back 242

Yes

Front 243

The biochemical profiles of the stomach contents of herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores are qualitatively and quantitatively different.

True

False

Back 243

True

Front 244

If a large quantity of starch is detected in the stomach contents of an animal with large, pointed teeth, in all probability the animal is a herbivore.

False

True

Back 244

True

Front 245

Tooth morphology is not related to diet.

True

False

Back 245

False

Front 246

Which biochemical would least likely be detected in the stomach contents of a carnivorous dinosaur?

Starch

Sugar

Amino acids

Protein

Back 246

Starch

Front 247

How many biochemicals (of the ones you tested) would be detected in the stomach contents of an omnivorous dinosaur?

2

4

3

5

Back 247

5

Front 248

Which biochemical would always be detected in the stomach contents of herbivorous dinosaurs?

Protein

Lipids

Sugar

Starch

Back 248

Starch

Front 249

Which of the species were probably herbivorous? On which test results did you base this conclusion?

species 1 and 4 because of the presence of starch

species 2 and 3 because of the presence of starch and low amino acids and protein

species 2 and 4 because of the presence of protein and amino acids

species 1 and 3 because of the presence of protein and amino acids

Back 249

species 2 and 3 because of the presence of starch and low amino acids and protein

Front 250

Which species were probably carnivorous? On which test results did you base this conclusion?

species 1 because of the complete absence of starch

species 4 because of the lack of amino acids.

species 3 because of the presence of sugars and proteins

species 2 because of the presence of starch and amino acids

Back 250

species 1 because of the complete absence of starch

Front 251

Could any of the dinosaurs have been omnivores, i.e. eating both plants and animals? Which results support this conclusion?

species 3 because of predominance of sugar, which is found in omnivores

species 1 because of the equal amounts of starch and proteins

species 2 because of the lack of a definitive amount of any of the chemicals

species 4 because the chemical amounts appear to be intermediate between those typical for carnivores and herbivores

Back 251

species 4 because the chemical amounts appear to be intermediate between those typical for carnivores and herbivores

Front 252

At the start of both experiments, the bacteria were

actively avoiding the algal filament.

evenly distributed throughout the chamber.

clumped along certain areas of the algal filament.

clustered on the algal filament.

Back 252

evenly distributed throughout the chamber.

Front 253

After the bacteria were left in the dark for two minutes, the bacteria were

actively avoiding the algal filament.

clustered on the algal filament.

clumped along certain areas of the algal filament.

evenly distributed throughout the chamber.

Back 253

evenly distributed throughout the chamber.

Front 254

After the chamber was flooded with white light, the bacteria were

clustered on the algal filament.

actively avoiding the algal filament.

evenly distributed throughout the chamber.

clumped along certain areas of the algal filament.

Back 254

clustered on the algal filament.

Front 255

In photosynthesis, which gas is being produced?

O3

NOx

CO2

O2

Back 255

O2

Front 256

Engelmann assumes the bacteria are attracted to areas of ________ O2 concentration.

Medium

Low

High

Back 256

High

Front 257

Is photosynthetic O2 production light-dependent?

No

Yes

Back 257

Yes

Front 258

At the end of the experiment, the bacteria

were clumped along certain areas of the algal filament.

were clustered on the algal filament.

were actively avoiding the algal filament.

were evenly distributed throughout the chamber.

Back 258

were clumped along certain areas of the algal filament.

Front 259

Which wavelengths of white light seem most photosynthetically effective?

Red and blue

All wavelengths are equally effective.

Yellow and orange

Blue and green

Back 259

Red and blue

Front 260

Which choice is the most likely reason(s) for your answers in the two previous questions?

bacteria were clumped near algal filament areas exposed to red and blue light

high oxygen production is likely the result of high rates of photosynthesis associated with red and blue wavelengths

both c and d are correct

high oxygen production is likely the result of high rates of photosynthesis associated with yellow and orange wavelengths

bacteria were clumped near algal filament areas exposed to yellow and orange light

Back 260

both c and d are correct

Front 261

How many pigments were detected in your extract?

3

1

4

2

Back 261

4

Front 262

Can you identify all of the pigments in your extract?

No

Yes

Back 262

No

Front 263

What pigments that you detected can you identify?

Chlorophyll a

Beta carotene

Chlorophyll b

All of the above

Back 263

All of the above

Front 264

Based on the light-absorbing characteristics of the known pigments in your extract, and the results of Engelmann's experiment, is it reasonable to conclude that some or all of these pigments might be involved in photosynthesis?

Yes

No

Back 264

Yes

Front 265

Carrots are orange. Which of the pigments that you detected in the spinach leaf extract is likely to be present in large concentrations in carrot cells?

Chlorophyll b

Beta carotene

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

Back 265

Beta carotene

Front 266

If chlorophyll absorbed all wavelengths (colors) of light, what color would a leaf be?

Orange

Dark green

White

Black

Back 266

Black

Front 267

Does the rate of photosynthesis increase with increasing light intensity?

No, the rate of photosynthesis decreases with increasing light intensity.

Yes, the rate increases over the entire range of intensities available in this lab.

Yes, but only initially.

No, within the range of intensities available to test, the rate did not increase.

Back 267

Yes, but only initially.

Front 268

If the rate stops increasing, what light intensity does it stop increasing at?

0-800 ft-candles

800-1600 ft-candles

1600-2400 ft-candles

Back 268

1600-2400 ft-candles

Front 269

What rate comes closest to the maximum rate of carbon dioxide fixation you have measured in this activity? Remember that you took your sample after 30 seconds; you can assume that rate would remain constant over time to calculate ?l/min (microliters/60 seconds).

33 microliters/min

66 microliters/min

130 microliters/min

16 microliters/min

Back 269

33 microliters/min

Front 270

Given that full sunlight has an intensity of approximately 10,000 ft-c, is photosynthesis in the field generally limited by light?

No

Yes

Back 270

No

Front 271

Run your experiment. Does the plateau region change if the time allowed for photosynthesis is increased?

Yes

No

Back 271

No

Front 272

Does increasing the concentration of CO2 increase the rate of photosynthesis?

No, increasing the concentration of CO2 decreases the rate of photosynthesis.

Yes, but only initially

Yes, the rate increases consistently over the entire range of CO2 concentrations available in this lab.

No, increasing the concentration of CO2 does not affect the rate of photosynthesis.

Back 272

Yes, but only initially

Front 273

If the rate of photosynthesis stops increasing, at what concentration of CO2 does it stop increasing?

between 500 and 700 ppm

between 300 and 500 ppm

between 100 and 300 ppm

between 700 and 900 ppm

Back 273

between 700 and 900 ppm

Front 274

What rate comes closest to the maximum rate of carbon dioxide fixation you have measured in this activity?

130 microliters/min

110 microliters/min

75 microliters/min

220 microliters/min

Back 274

110 microliters/min

Front 275

Given that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 is approximately 300 ppm, is photosynthesis in the field limited by the concentration of CO2?

No.

Yes.

Back 275

Yes.