Biology Lab Midterm

Front 1

a tentative explanation for a particular phenomenon that is testable

Back 1

hypothesis

Front 2

characteristics that vary among the individuals that are being test or measured

Back 2

variables

Front 3

the variable that is measured in an experiment

Back 3

dependent variable

Front 4

the variable or factor that is being tested during the experiment what we expect to generate an effect in the other variable

Back 4

independent variable

Front 5

a collection of individuals or units that are being investigated

Back 5

population

Front 6

the portion of individuals or units selected from a population that aare actually measured or tested

Back 6

sample

Front 7

the number of subjects that were included in the test

Back 7

sample size

Front 8

the measurement recorded for an individual

Back 8

observation

Front 9

a statement that indicates that a statistical test has been performed on the data and that we can be 95% sure that we have detected a real effect in the experiment

Back 9

significant difference

Front 10

the lens closest to the object

Back 10

objective lens

Front 11

the lens closest to the eye

Back 11

ocular lens

Front 12

the ability to distinguish between two separate points as distinct objects rather than a single blurred point

Back 12

resolution

Front 13

a microscope that generates a beam of electrons and use magnets as lenses to focus that beam onto the specimen being examined

Back 13

electron microscopes

Front 14

a microscope that scans an electron beam over surface of specimen and detects electrons reflected from the surface, providing a 3-D like surface image

Back 14

scanning electron microscope

Front 15

a microscope that fires a beam of electrons through ultra-thin sections of specimens that have been stained with heavy metals that will absorb electrons in a process similar to making x-ray photographs of bones

Back 15

transmission electron microscope

Front 16

What is used to focus (condense) the light beam through the specimen onto the objective lens to attain the appropriate angle of focus?

Back 16

substage condenser

Front 17

What allow the intensity of the light beam to be adjusted?

Back 17

light dimmer switches

Front 18

What can be opened or closed to adjust the intensity?

Back 18

iris diaphragm

Front 19

What knob do you use to focus first?

Back 19

coarse focus knob

Front 20

What knob do you use to sharpen the image?

Back 20

fine focus knob

Front 21

What power do you start with when using a microscope?

Back 21

lower power or scanning lens

Front 22

Where do you position a slide?

Back 22

on the mechanical stage

Front 23

lacks membrane-bound organelles and has no nucleus

Back 23

prokaryote

Front 24

contains membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus

Back 24

eukaryote

Front 25

little organs in a cell

Back 25

organelles

Front 26

the fundamental unit of life

Back 26

cell

Front 27

nucleus

Back 27

control center, store DNA

Front 28

cilia, flagella, pseudopod

Back 28

movement

Front 29

cytoskeleton

Back 29

structure, movement, cell division by contracction

Front 30

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 30

manufacturing

Front 31

golgi complex

Back 31

manufacturing

Front 32

vesicle

Back 32

storage (adipose cells store fats, water vesicles in plants)

Front 33

lysosome

Back 33

breakdown (disassemble, destroy, recycle, digest)

Front 34

cytoplasm

Back 34

cell solution (fluid that chemical processes occur in)

Front 35

mitochondrion

Back 35

energy transformation: respiration

Front 36

chloroplast

Back 36

energy transformation: photosynthesis (in plants)

Front 37

Cell Wall

Back 37

structural support (in plants and fungi only)

Front 38

Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma)

Back 38

protection: control passage of materials in & out of cell, contains identification tags, surface markers, receptors

Front 39

What is the cell membrane constructed of?

Back 39

a phospholipid bilayer- a double layer of phospholipids

Front 40

water loving or water soluble

Back 40

hydrophilic

Front 41

water fearing or not water soluble

Back 41

hydrophobic

Front 42

The phospholipids and proteins can move around freely, and are fluid within the membrane. This is known as ______.

Back 42

fluid-mosaic model

Front 43

Diffusion and osmosis are both _____?

Back 43

passive processes

Front 44

maintenance of internal environment

Back 44

homeostasis

Front 45

the concentration gradient is the driving force and the cell does not have to expend any energy to move these solutes

Back 45

passive processes

Front 46

require energy in which cells move solutes against the concentration gradient

Back 46

active processes

Front 47

the movement of particles from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration [down the concentration gradient]

Back 47

diffusion

Front 48

the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable [or semi-permeable] membrane

Back 48

osmosis

Front 49

the solution surrounding the cell [extracellular fluid] is less concentrated than the interior of the cell [intracellular fluid]

Back 49

hypotonic solution

Front 50

the extracellular fluid is more concentrated that the cell's contents

Back 50

hypertonic solution

Front 51

when the fluid concentrations are equal

Back 51

isotonic solution

Front 52

each repetition within the experiment

Back 52

replicate

Front 53

the arrangement of the experiment: number and arrangements, replication, sample size, etc.

Back 53

Experimental Design

Front 54

an experimental design that includes equal numbers of treatments and samples within each replicate

Back 54

Balanced Design

Front 55

random numbers are generated to determine which group is assigned which treatment

Back 55

randomization

Front 56

a discrete unit of hereditary information, located on the chromosomes in eukaryotes, which consists of a specific DNA nucleotide sequence

Back 56

gene

Front 57

alternative forms of a gene

Back 57

allele

Front 58

the structure in the nucleus that contains the hereditary information; composed of DNA that is tightly wrapped around proteins

Back 58

chromosome

Front 59

chromosomes that code for the same genetic traits

Back 59

homologous chromosomes

Front 60

chromosomes that control general body [somatic] functions

Back 60

autosomes

Front 61

determine the sex of developing embryo

Back 61

sex chromosomes

Front 62

the appearance of an individual

Back 62

phenotype

Front 63

the genetic makeup of an individual

Back 63

genotype

Front 64

the condition in which an individual has two different alleles

Back 64

heterozygous

Front 65

the condition in which an individual has two identical alleles

Back 65

homozygous

Front 66

both alleles are the dominant allele

Back 66

homozygous dominant

Front 67

both alleles are the recessive allele

Back 67

homozygous recessive

Front 68

Some traits are both expressed equally

Back 68

codominance

Front 69

The dominant allele is fully expressed when present overriding the recessive allele which is not expressed.

Back 69

Complete Dominance

Front 70

An intermediate physical appearance results from possessing two different alleles

Back 70

Incomplete Dominance

Front 71

traits that are controlled by more than one gene

Back 71

polygenic inheritance

Front 72

When cells grown in tissue culture reach a certain density they stop reproducing

Back 72

density-dependent inhibition

Front 73

genes that control division and destroy cells containing mutations or serious metabolic errors and are involved in preventing cancerous growth

Back 73

tumor-suppresser genes

Front 74

a gene that allows cell division to occur when normal controls would kill the cell, it will allow cancerous cells to develop

Back 74

oncogene

Front 75

a polymer of nucleotides that are linked together by covalent sugar-phosphate bonds

Back 75

nucleotide

Front 76

an information storage molecule that contains hereditary information written in the genetic code

Back 76

DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid]

Front 77

two complementary polynucleotide strands form a twisted ladder

Back 77

double helix

Front 78

purines

Back 78

guanine and adenine

Front 79

pyrimidines

Back 79

cytosine and thymine

Front 80

What type of RNA carries the instructions for constructing the amino acid sequence encoded in the gene?

Back 80

mRNA

Front 81

What type of RNA transfers the amino acid for synthesis of a polypeptide (protein) to the ribosome?

Back 81

tRNA

Front 82

What type of RNA is the construction platform that synthesizes the protein?

Back 82

rRNA

Front 83

the strand of DNA that has the actual instructions encoded in its nucleotide sequence

Back 83

template strand

Front 84

a change in a nucleotide sequence

Back 84

mutation

Front 85

a nucleotide is switched

Back 85

substitution

Front 86

a nucleotide is lost and not replaced

Back 86

deletion

Front 87

a nucleotide is added to the gene

Back 87

insertion

Front 88

the type of cell division that produces specialized reproductive cells called gametes

Back 88

meiosis

Front 89

the process by which gametes are formed

Back 89

sexual reproduction

Front 90

variation is generated by pairing homologous chromosomes and exchanging genes between them

Back 90

sexual recombination/crossing over

Front 91

fragments of proteins, DNA, or RNA are separated using a technique called ______

Back 91

agarose gel electrophoresis

Front 92

Mistakes made by people measuring, writing down numbers, entering data into the computer, etc. [human error]

Back 92

observer error

Front 93

Measurements that are not accurate or precise enough because the techniques of instruments are not capable of making fine enough or consistent enough measurements

Back 93

Inadequate Technique

Front 94

The population measured is unrepresentative of the real world.

Back 94

Sampling Error

Front 95

______ is important for genetic variation.

Back 95

Sexual Reproduction

Front 96

In _____, The gonads (testes and ovaries) produce gametes (haploid cells)

Back 96

meiosis

Front 97

______ are haploid and only have one of each chromosome

Back 97

Gametes

Front 98

______ organisms have two sets of chromosomes that are homologous

Back 98

Diploid

Front 99

________ occurs during crossing-over and results in new genetic combination

Back 99

Sexual recombination

Front 100

The cell divides twice in ______?

Back 100

meiosis

Front 101

Meiosis produces ____ daughter cells

Back 101

four

Front 102

Crossing over occurs in ______?

Back 102

Prophase I

Front 103

Whole chromosomes consisting of _______ held together by a centromere separate in first division

Back 103

sister chromatids

Front 104

Sister chromatids separate in _____ division

Back 104

second

Front 105

heterozygous/homozygous

Back 105

zygosity

Front 106

Always carry a microscope with two hands, one on the ____ and one _________

Back 106

arm, under the base

Front 107

Never use the ________ on high magnification

Back 107

coarse adjustment

Front 108

Total Magnification=

Back 108

Objective X Ocular

Front 109

the size of the image

Back 109

magnification

Front 110

clarity of the image

Back 110

resolution

Front 111

In ________, Cell increases production of proteins and organelle

Back 111

interphase

Front 112

Chromosomes are distributed for cell division

Back 112

Mitosis

Front 113

Cell divides

Back 113

cytokinesis

Front 114

Mitosis can serve as ______ reproduction in single-cellular organisms

Back 114

asexual

Front 115

In multicellular organisms mitosis is used to replace cells that are _____ or _____

Back 115

damaged, lost

Front 116

Cancer is the result of uncontrolled ________ when controls are lost

Back 116

cell growth

Front 117

Cancer is usually caused by an accumulation of _______

Back 117

mutations

Front 118

DNA _________ carry the instructions to make proteins

Back 118

nucleotide sequences

Front 119

All of an organisms genes together are called its ______

Back 119

genome

Front 120

_____ is actually used to create proteins

Back 120

RNA

Front 121

Genes store information for Proteins which are made of __________

Back 121

amino acids

Front 122

Surroundings of a cell that contains ions, nutrients, and other compounds

Back 122

Extracellular solution

Front 123

Internal fluid of the cell that contains ions

Back 123

Intracellular fluid

Front 124

Solutes dissolve in the ______

Back 124

solvent

Front 125

______ dissolve in the solvent

Back 125

solutes

Front 126

Rate of diffusion also dependent on ________

Back 126

polarity

Front 127

Which variable is plotted on the X axis?

Back 127

Independent variable

Front 128

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that must be _______

Back 128

testable

Front 129

What term describes an apparent connection between two phenomena?

Back 129

correlation

Front 130

In the example of the grades and attendance lab, what was the dependent variable?

Back 130

grade

Front 131

What term refers to the precision or clarity of an image through a microscope?

Back 131

resolution

Front 132

What is the formula for total magnification?

Back 132

objective x ocular

Front 133

One should never use _______ knob on high magnification.

Back 133

coarse focus

Front 134

What is the name of the part of the microscope where the slide is placed?

Back 134

Mechanical Stage

Front 135

What two parts of the microscope should be used to carry it?

Back 135

the arm and the base

Front 136

What organelle in animal cells is responsible for energy production?

Back 136

ribosomes

Front 137

What is the term for cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles?

Back 137

prokaryote

Front 138

What organelle in can convert light energy to chemical energy?

Back 138

chloroplast

Front 139

Diffusion takes place from an area of high concentration to low concentration along the ___________

Back 139

concentration gradient

Front 140

Name something that can effect the rate of diffusion for a material.

Back 140

Temperature, the size of the solute, the charge

Front 141

What term describes something that is being dissolved?

Back 141

solute

Front 142

Diffusion will continue until it reaches ______?

Back 142

equilibrium

Front 143

Osmosis is the movement of water across a _________ membrane from high concentration to low concentration.

Back 143

semi-permeable

Front 144

________ describes a situation where the extracellular solution and intracellular fluid have the same ion concentration.

Back 144

Isotonic

Front 145

What term is used to describe an organism that carries one dominant and one recessive allele for a trait?

Back 145

heterozygous

Front 146

Who is considered to be the father of genetics?

Back 146

Gregor Mendel

Front 147

If black fur is dominant over white fur in mice, and you crossed to heterozygous mice, what would you expect to be the genotypic ratio?

Back 147

1:2:1

Front 148

Most cells spend a majority of their life in which phase of the cell cycle?

Back 148

Interphase

Front 149

Mitosis can serve as _____ reproduction in single-celled organisms.

Back 149

asexual

Front 150

Mitosis is controlled by ______ inhibition.

Back 150

density dependent

Front 151

What genes destroy cells with errors to prevent cancerous growths?

Back 151

Tumor-suppresser genes

Front 152

What results from uncontrolled cell growth?

Back 152

Cancer

Front 153

Cancer usually caused by a(n) _________ of mutations.

Back 153

cumulative series

Front 154

Meiosis produces genetically _____ daughter cells.

Back 154

unique

Front 155

How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?

Back 155

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