Biology Lab 10 Mendelian Genetics

Front 1

Gregor Mendel

Back 1

- "Father of genetics"

- Formulated basic laws of genetics

Front 2

Alleles

Back 2

- Two alternate forms of a gene for each trait in body cells

- On the chromosome

Front 3

Homozygous dominant

Back 3

Two dominant alleles, GG

Front 4

Homozygous recessive

Back 4

Two recessive alleles, gg

Front 5

Heterozygous

Back 5

One dominant and one recessive allele, Gg

Front 6

Genotype

Back 6

Refers to individual's genes (GG, gg, or Gg)

Front 7

Phenotype

Back 7

Refers to individual's appearance

Front 8

Punnett Squares

Back 8

- Allow easy determination of the results of a cross between individuals whose genotypes are known

Front 9

Phenotypic ratio

Back 9

The ratio of dominant and recessive offspring based on their phenotype

Front 10

Monohybrid cross

Back 10

Reproduction between two heterozygous individuals

Phenotypic Ratio - 3:1

Front 11

Law of Segregation

Back 11

Each organisms contains two alleles for each trait, and the alleles segregate during the formation of gametes. Each gamete contains one allele. The new organism has 2 alleles, one from each parent.

Front 12

Dihybrid Cross

Back 12

When 2 dihybrid individuals reproduce (AaBb)

Phenotypic ratio - 9:3:3:1

Front 13

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 13

Members of an allelic pair segregate independently of members of another allelic pair.

Front 14

Autosomes

Back 14

Pair of chromosomes that do not actively determine sex

Front 15

Sex chromosomes

Back 15

XX or XY

Front 16

X-linked genes

Back 16

- Alleles on the X chromosome that have nothing to do with gender

- Almost none in the Y chromosome

Front 17

Chi-Square (x2) test

Back 17

Statistical test used to determine whether obtained data provide "good fit" approximation to the expected data

Formula: x2 = E (d2/e)

x^2 = chi-square, E = sum of, d = different between the expected and observed results, e = expected results

Front 18

P Value (probability)

Back 18

If greater than 0.10, generally considered acceptable

If lower than 0.10, do not support the hypothesis

Front 19

Sum of { (Difference) ^2 / expected results}

Back 19

Chi-square x^2 Formula

Front 20

AaBb x aabb

Back 20

What type of dihybrid parental genotype cross would result in a phenotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1?

Front 21

9:3:3:1

Back 21

What is the phenotypic ratio of a heterozygous dihybrid cross?

Front 22

AABB x AABB

aabb x aabb

Back 22

Crosses that cannot produce dihybrid heterozygous in both traits

Front 23

X - linked

Back 23

Some alleles on the X chromosome that have nothing to do with gener

Front 24

Hetero,

recessive

Back 24

Males with a normal chromosome inheritance are never ________zygous for X-linked alleles, and if they inherit a ____________ X-linked allele it will be expressed.

Front 25

Mother, if inherited from father, then it would be a female (XX)

Back 25

Regardless of any type cross, do white-eyed (recessive) males inherit the allele for white eyes from their father or mother?

Front 26

Egg

Blastoderm

Embryo

Instar

Larva

Pupa

Metamorphosis

Back 26

Life cycle of Drosophila