Biology 11 Exam Review: Kingdom Animalia Pt. 2

Front 1

Phylum Porifera

Back 1

Sponges

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Phylum Cnidaria

Back 2

Coelenterata (Hollow Intestine)

~ Class Hydrozoa (Freshwater Hydras)

~ Class Scyphozoa (Jellyfish)

~ Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones and Corals)

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Phylum Nematoda

Back 3

Roundworms

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Phylum Annelida

Back 4

~ Segmented Worms

~ Class Polychaeta: Clamworms, Bristleworms, Sandworms

~ Class Oligochaeta: Earthworms

~ Class Hirudinea: Leeches

Front 5

Animal Development

Back 5

Gametes fuse > Zygote > Morula (Cleavage) > Blastula (Cleavage) > Differentiation Of Specialization > Germ Layer > Inner (Endoderm) > Middle (Mesoderm) > Outer (Ectoderm) > Body Cavity May Be One Of > Acoelomate (Solid), Psuedocoelomate (Btwn Meso & Endo), Coelomate (w/in the Meso) > Gut Forms > Archenteron > either mouth first (Protostome) or anus first (Dueterostome) > Blastospore Becomes > Mouth or Anus

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Archenteron

Back 6

The primitive digestive sac of a gastrula

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Sponges

Back 7

Front 8

Sponge: Feeding

Back 8

~ Filter Feeder which sift microscopic particles of food from water that passes through them. Food sticks to collar cells and is engulfed or it may be passed to amebocytes for digestion

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Sponge: Internal Transport

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~ The flow of water through the sponge serves as internal transport for O2, CO2 and wastes. The flagella of the collar cells sets up water currents through the sponge body

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Sponge: Excretion

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~ Metabolic wastes such as ammonia are released into the water and carried away

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Sponge: Respiration

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~ H20 flowing through the sponge releases O2 and gives off CO2

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Sponges: Reproduction

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~ Eggs are kept w/i the body wall; sperm may enter another sponge by H2O currents and are picked up by ameobocytes and carried to that sponges eggs where fertilization occurs.

~ Zygote > Larvae (swims) > Settles on substrate to grow into an adult

Front 13

Cnidarians

Back 13

~ Soft bodied animals

~ Stinging tentacles

~ Examples: Jellyfish, Corals, Hydras

~ Exhibit Radial Symmetry

~ Have specialized cells and tissues

~ an internal space called a gastrovascular cavity where digestion takes place

~ Capture and Eat Small Animals

~ Lack a central nervous system and muscle cells

~ Specialized epidermal cells that serve the same functions as muscle cells

~ Possess 2 true germ layers > Endoderm & Ectoderm

~ Ex) Hydra, Jellyfish

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What is the function of the trigger?

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The trigger is sensitive to touch and fires ~ the dart uncoils and buries itself in the skin of its prey

Front 15

Worm Classification

Back 15

Worms > Segmented | Unsegmented

> Segmented, Phylum Annelida > Class Polychaeta (Fanworm, Fireworm, Seamouse), Class Oligochaete (Earthworm), Class Hirudinea (Leech)

> Unsegmented > Roundworms | Flatworms

> Roundworms, Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris)

> Flatworms, Phylum Platyhelminthes > Class Turbellaria (Planaria), Class Trematoda (Bloodfluke or Schistosoma), Class Cestoda (Tapeworm)

Front 16

Planarian: Body Plan

Back 16

Front 17

Planarian: Cross Section

Back 17

Front 18

Planarian: Digestive System

Back 18

Front 19

Planarian: Nervous System

Back 19

Front 20

Tapeworm

Back 20

Front 21

Liver Fluke

Back 21

Front 22

Flatworms

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~ Simplest animals with bilateral symmetry

~ Exhibit cephalization

~ Have a head

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Roundworms

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~ Simplest animals with a digestive system with two openings, a mouth and an anus

~ Several parasitic roundworms cause diseases in humans such as ascaris, Trichinella and hookworms

Front 24

What is the purpose of the branches within the gastrovascular cavity of the Flatworm?

Back 24

The enzymes help breakdown food into small particles which are taken inside of the cells which digestion is completed; Can diffuse to other body tissues.

Front 25

Evidence Of Flatworm Cephalization

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There is a simplified brain which is the centre of a simple nervous system that stretches along one or more nerve cords along either side of the body. They also have light sensitive eyespots in the head region.

Front 26

Characteristics Of Roundworms

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~ Bilateral symmetry

~ Cephalization

~ Tube Within A Tube Body Plan

~ Pseudocolem

~ Cylindical body that is tapered at each end

~ Organ system level of organization

Front 27

Phylum Nematoda: Ascaris

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~ Parasitic; Lives in humans

~ De-worming for pets

~ Sexes are separate

~ Has a cuticle which protects the worm from the digestive action of enzymes in the hosts small intestine.

Front 28

Phylum Nematoda: Trichinella

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~ Causes Trichinosis

~ Humans can get it by eating improperly cooked pork

~ Larvae form cysts which "hide out" in muscle tissue

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Phylum Nematoda: Filarial Worms

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~ Transmitted through biting insects in tropical regions

~ May cause tissue swellings or elephantitis

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Phylum Nematoda: Eye Worm

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~ Found in Africa predominantly

~ Causes River Blindness

~ Affects Humans and Baboons

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Phylum Platyhelminthes; Class Turbellaria

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~ Bilateral Symmetry

~ Acoelomate

~ Cephalization

~ 3 Germ Layers

~ Mostly Freshwater (some live in the sea)

~ Free Living

~ Sexual & Asexual (Hermaphrodites)

~ Pharynx & Eyespots are special structures

~ Planaria

~ 'Sac' Body Plan

Front 32

Phylum Platyhelminthes; Class Trematoda

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~ Bilateral Symmetry

~ Acoelomate

~ Cephalization

~ 3 Germ Layers

~ Freshwater (Human & Snail Hosts)

~ Parasitic

~ Sexual & Asexual (Hermaphrodites)

~ 2 suckers are special structures

~ Schistosoma ( Blood/Liver Flukes)

~ 'Sac' Body Plan

Front 33

Phylum Platyhelminthes; Class Cestoda

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~ Bilateral Symmetry

~ Acoelomate

~ Cephalization

~ 3 Germ Layers

~ Host (Cow & Human

~ Parasitic

~ Sexual & Asexual (Hermaphrodites)

~ suckers & hooks on scolex are special structures

~ Tapeworm

~ 'Sac' Body Plan

Front 34

Phylum Nematoda; Roundworms

Back 34

~ Bilateral Symmetry

~ Pseudocoelem

~ Cephalization

~ 3 Germ Layers

~ Host, Aquatic, Terrestrial

~ Parasitic & Free Living

~ Some have separate sexes, some hermaphrodites

~ Tube Within A Tube Body Plan

~ Ascaris, Trichella

Front 35

Digestion Of Tapeworms

Back 35

Have no digestive tract

Front 36

Vertebrate

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Animal that has a backbone

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Invertebrate

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Animal that does not have a backbone

Front 38

Division Of Labour

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Phenomenon in which groups of specialized cells carry out different tasks in an organism

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Herbivore

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An organism that eats plants

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Carnivore

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An organism that eats meat

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Parasite

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An organism that survives by living and feeding either inside of, or attached to outer surfaces of another organism, thus doing harm to the host

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Filter Feeder

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Aquatic animal that feeds by straining tiny floating plants and animals from the water around it.

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Detritus Feeder

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An animal that feeds on tiny bits of decaying plants and animals

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Larva

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An immature stage of an organism that is unlike it's adult form

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Metamorphosis

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A series of dramatic changes in body form in the life cycle of some animals

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Collar Cell

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One of the cells forming the wall of a sponges central cavity

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Osculum

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A large hole, through which water exits the central cavity of a sponge

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Spicule

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One of the thin, spiny structures that form the skeleton of a sponge

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Amebocyte

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Sponge cell that builds spicules from calcium carbonate or silica; moves around in the sponge to distribute food to the sponge tissues

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Spongin

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A protein that makes up the skeleton of some sponges

Front 51

Gemmule

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Sphere shaped collection of amebocytes surrounded by spicules, which can grow into a new sponge

Front 52

Budding

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A form of asexual reproduction in sponges where a small organism starts it's growth off of the side of the parent

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Cnidaria

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Phylum that contains soft-bodied animals with stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouth

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Polyp

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Sessile, flowerlike cnidarian

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Medusa

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Motile, bell-shaped cnidarian

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Gastrovascular Cavity

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Digestive cavity in cnidarians with only one opening

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Nematocyst

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Phylum name for roundworms

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Hermaphrodite

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An individual that has both male and female reproductive organs

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Unsegmented Worm

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Worms whose body is not divided into special sections by internal partitions; describes both roundworms and flatworms

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Pharynx

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Muscular, tubelike structure located at the back of the mouth that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract

Front 61

Epidermis (Sponge)

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The epidermis is the layer of cells that covers the outer surface of the sponge. The thin, flattened cells of the epidermis are called pinacocytes.

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Central Cavity (Sponge)

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Water enters the central cavity through hundreds of tiny pores and exits through the larger opening. The cavity is lined with choanocytes, which have flagella that push water through the cavity, creating a current.

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Cnidoblast (Hydra)

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A developing cell containing a cnidocyst

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Sensory Cell (Hydra)

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A cell in the peripheral nervous system that receives sensory input

Front 65

Nerve Cell (Hydra)

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A neuron; a cell of the nervous system that transmits nerve impulses

Front 66

Gastroderm

Back 66

The gastroderm is the inner layer of cells lining the gastrovascular cavity of cnidarians. Sometimes called the endoderm.

Front 67

Eyespot

Back 67

A simple light sensing organ found in many invertebrates

Front 68

Cilia

Back 68

Short hairlike projection that produces movement in many cells

Front 69

Scolex (Tapeworm)

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The scolex or "head" of a tapeworm. Attaches to the intestine of the host.

Front 70

Proglottids (inds)

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One of the segments of a tapeworm that contains reproductive material, both male and female organs

Front 71

Pore (Sponge)

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Water moves into the central cavity through small pores all over the sponges body.

Front 72

Cnidocyst

Back 72

A capsule containing thread-like tube (commonly barbed and toxic)

Front 73

Phylum Mollusca

Back 73

~ Class Monoplacophora: Neopilina

~ Class Polyplacophora: Chitons

~ Class Gastropoda: Snails & Slugs

~ Class Pelecypoda or Bivalvia: Clams, Mussels, Scallops, Oysters

~ Class Cephalopoda: Squids and Octopus

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Phylum Echinodermata

Back 74

~ Class Crinoidea: Sea lilies, and feather stars

~ Class Asteroidea: Starfish

~ Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle stars, and Serpent Stars

~ Class Echinoidea: Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars

~ Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers

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Phylum Anthropoda

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~ Class Onychophora: Peripatus

~ Class Crustacea: Crayfish, Lobsters, Barnicles, Crabs , Pill Bugs

~ Class Arachnida: Spiders, Scopions, Mites, Harvestman

~ Class Diplopoda: Milipedes

~ Class Chilopoda: Centipedes

~ Class Insecta: Insects