Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cuticle
|
waxy, watertight, outer covering of nonwoody above-ground parts of a plant
|
|
stoma
|
opening in a leaf or a stem of a plant that enables gas exchange to occur
|
|
guard cell
|
one of a pair of specialized cells that border a stoma
|
|
vascular system
|
system of vascular tissues that transport water and other materials in plants
|
|
seed
|
structure that consists of a plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat
- primary function is to promote seed dispersal |
|
embryo
|
early stage in the development of plants and animal; term for a developing human during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy
|
|
seed plant
|
vascular plant that produces seeds
|
|
flower
|
reproductive structure of angiosperms; produces pollen in the anthers of stamens and eeds in a fruit; the mature ovary of a pistil
|
|
phloem
|
type of vascular tissue in plants, that contains soft-walled conducting cells through which organic compounds are transported throughout the body of a plant
|
|
xylem
|
type of vascular tissue in plants that contains hard-walled conducting cells that transport water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves
|
|
shoot
|
portion of a plant that grows mostly upward and aboveground
|
|
root
|
portion of a plant that grows mostly downward and below ground
|
|
meristem
|
region(or zone) of actively dividing, undifferentiated plant cells that are capable of developing into specialized plant tissues
|
|
rhizoid
|
hypha that acts as an anchor for a fungus; hair-like projection that anchors a nonvascular plant
|
|
rhizone
|
horizontal underground stem
|
|
monocot
|
monocotyledon; angiosperm that produces seeds with a single cotyledon
|
|
gymnosperm
|
seed plant that produces seeds that do not develop within a fruit
|
|
grain
|
edible dry fruit of a cereal grass
|
|
vegetative part
|
any nonreproductive part of a plant
|
|
dicot
|
dicotyledon; angiosperm that produces seeds with two cotyledons
|
|
cereal
|
type of grass plant that produces edible fruits called grains and is grown as food for humans and livestock
|
|
frond
|
long, highly divided leaf of a fern
|
|
angiosperm
|
seed plant that produces reproductive strucutres in flowers and seeds within a fruit
|
|
cone
|
in plants, a cluster of nongreen spore-bearing leaves; in animals, photoreceptor of the retina of the eye that detects color
|
|
endosperm
|
nutritious triploid (3n) tissue that devlops in the seeds of angiosperms
|
|
fruit
|
structure that contains one or more seeds and develops from the ovary of the pistil of a flower
|
|
SUMMARIZE HOW PLANTS ARE ADAPTED TO LIVING ON LAND (they evolved from algae)
|
1) absorbing nutirents from the soil with their roots
2) preventing water loss - to prevent their bodies from drying out (helped by the cuticles) 3)reproducing on land - without needing water to transport the sperm - this is possible by the pollen which enable the sperm to be carried by the wind or animals |
|
DISTINGUISH NONVASCULAR PLANTS FROM VASCULAR PLANTS
|
nonvascular plants -don't have a system to transport nutrients - they transport nutirients by osmosis and diffusion - this was the first plants - the gametophyte generation is dominant
- diff sizes of vascular plants - 1st big adaptation for plants - have system and cells that transport nutrients and water within a plant - allowed more complex plants to evolve - the sporophyte generation is dominant |
|
RELATE THE SUCCESS OF PLANTS ON LAND TO SEEDS AND FLOWERS-
|
-Flowers are imp. b/c they make plant production more efficient. Instead of having to rely on pollen and wind transport - which requires a large amount of pollen to ensure cross-pollination, flower plants are more efficient. Flowers attract animals that can carry the pollen. This enables:
- to cross pollinate with less pollen -to cross polinate even when they are further apart. (MORE EFFICIENT) Seeds provide: 1)nourishment 2)protection 3) dispersion (spreading) of the offspring 4)delayed growth if environment conditions are not good. |
|
DESCRIBE THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF A VASCULAR PLANT SPOROPHYTE
|
Most have:
1) below ground roots 2) above ground shoots with stems and leaves 3) growth occurs in shoot meristems and root meristerms |
|
THE 4 MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS
|
- nonvascular plants
-seedless vascular plants -gymnosperms -angiosperms |
|
KEY FEATURES OF SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
|
- More larger and complex than nonvasc. plants
Key feat: 1) have a vascular sys with xylem and phloem - enable them to grow larger than non vasc plants 2) larger sporophyte than the gametophytes - easier to carry spores from them-> mroe efficient 3) spores are draught tolerant b/c they have thick walls - enable plant to live in dryer environement |
|
KEY FEATURES OF NONVASCULAR PLANTS
|
1) SMALL SIZE as water/nutrients are transported by osmosis/diffusion (limits size)
2) LARGER GAMETOPHYTE THAN sporophytes 3)REQUIRE WATER FOR SEXUAL PRODUCTION |
|
2 phyla of nonvascular plants
|
1) mosses
2) liverworts 3) hornworts |
|
color of gametophytes
color of sporophytes |
game - green
sporo - non-green (grow of tips of gametohpytes) |
|
kinds of seedless vascular plants
|
1)ferns - most common, abundant in tropics (sporophytes) -have fronds and fiddleheads (young leafs)
2)club mosses - have roots, stems and leaves 3)horsetails - also have roots, stems and leaves 4)whisk ferns - no leaves or roots,have high stems (last 3 are known as fern allies) |
|
KEY FEATURES OF GYMNOSPERMS
|
- are seed plants that do not develop within a sealed container (fruit)
- are one of the most successful plants KEY FEATURES: 1)they produce seeds which are great for the plants 2)have 2 types of tiny gametophytes (males and females) that develop in cones 3) sperm is carried by the pollen which is transported by wind |
|
KINDS of GYMNOSPERMS
|
1)CONIFERS - the most familiar and successful (Redwoods in CA, oldest tree in the world in ROcky Mtns)- most common
2)CYCADS 3)GINGKO 4)GNETOPHYTES |
|
KEY FEATURES OF ANGIOSPERMS
|
- flowering plants that produce seeds
FEATURES: 1) have flowers - promote fertilization and pollination more effectively than cones 2) fruits - that house the seeds while it develops and promote seed dispersion (when animals eat them or when they float in wind) 3)have endosperm - a supply of food which is often abosorbed by embryo before seeds mature |
|
kinds of ANGIOSPERMS
|
MOST DIVERSE GROUP OF PLANTS
2 subgroups: 1) MONOCOTS -produce seeds with 1 seed leaf - they have narrow long leaves and flowers in multiples of 3 (x3) 2) DICOTS - produce seeds with 2 seed leaves - they have branching leaves, and flowers x2, x4, x5 |
|
Why do you think vascular plants are more successful than non vasc. plants in land?
|
b.c the non vascular plants have a limited ability to grow as they have no way of carrying their foods through a large body.
- They also rely on water to carry for production (to carry sperm), thus they need to live in water. |
|
CLassify into appropriate PHYLA:
1) pine trees 2) carnations 3)shagnum moss 4)wood fern 5) cantaloupe |
1) pine trees - gymnosperms (conifers)
2) carnations - angiosperms (flowering plants) 3)shagnum moss -nonvascular plant 4)wood fern - seedless vasc. plants 5) cantaloupe - angiosperm (the fruit of an agiosperm) 4)wood fern - |
|
How are spores and pollen grains adapted to their functions?
|
1)Pollinated plants that are pollinated by animals produce less pollen- as less pollen is needed to crosspollinate
2)the spores of seedless vasc plants have thickened walls that are resistant to drying - so that plants can live in harsher environments |
|
Why are angiosperms the most successful group of plants?
|
b/c through their flowers, they can reproduce quickly, and thru their fruits, their seeds have protection, so they can last a long time (as a class of plant)
|
|
where and when did the first plants evolve?
|
-from multicellular acquatic algae
- when? |
|
how did the first plants reproduce?
|
acquatic alage reproduce sexually when sperm swim throught the water to fertilize eggs.
(needed water for sperm to travel) |
|
spores
|
a haploid reproductive cell that can develop into an adult without fusing with another cell
|
|
types of plants that were dominant when dynosaurs roamed the Earth
|
??
|
|
meaning of gumnosperm word ion greek
|
gymno=naked
sperma =seed |
|
Diff b/n a male and female pinecone?
|
- grains of pollen are male gametophytes
- female gametophytes are in seeds -female gametophytes develop in female cones (in the seeds) - male gametophytes develop in male cones |
|
what type of plants evolved about 120 M yrs ago?
|
??
|
|
meaning of angiosperm in greek
|
angeion = case
sperma = seed |
|
Diff b/n angiosperm and gymnosperm
|
angio - seeds are inside the fruit
gymno - seeds are not in a container (fruit) |
|
#n species of angiosperms
|
>250,000 species
90% of all living plants |