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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microevolution |
Defined as a change in allele frequencies of a population from one generation to the next |
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Hardy-Weinberg |
Equation that predicts allele frequencies of a population if all alleles had an equally likely change of making it into the next generation |
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Evolution |
Anything that causes allele frequencies to change is an agent of _________ |
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For Porifera, fill out the table. And give an example. |
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For Cnidaria, fill out and give example. |
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For Platyhelminthes. |
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Nematoda |
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Annelida |
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Mollusca |
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Arthropoda |
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Echinodermata |
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Genealogy |
Line of descent traced continuously from an ancestor |
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Descent with modification |
Most common phrase to describe evolution |
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Modification |
Involves change in characteristic from ancestor to descendant |
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A: Homologous B: Outgroup C: Matrix D: Phylogenetic |
The 4 Basic Steps in constructing a family tree 1. Identify ____A____ characters 2. __B__ comparison 3. Code the characters and construct a __C__ 4. Group by shared, derived characteristics: analyze to produce a ___D___ hypothesis |
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Character |
Observable trait of an organism - May be morphological, physiological, behavioral, molecular, or ecological - May be passed on from ancestor to descendant either unmodified or modified |
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Derived Ancestral |
2 Types of Characters |
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Derived Character |
- New or descendant character state, considered modified - Shared ones are used to infer phylogenetic relationships |
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Ancestral Character |
- Old or primitive character state, considered unmodified - Provide no information in resolving phylogenetic relationships within the group, but link them since they are common to all |
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1. Ingroup is monophyletic (=/= Outgroup) 2. Homologous characters found in outgroup and ingroup is considered ancestral character for ingroup |
2 Assumptions of Outgroup comparison |
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Cladistics |
- Method of deriving possible family trees from a set of specimens - Works by measuring the states of a selected set of characters |
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Fewest |
Phylogenetic tree showing the (fewest/most) changes in characters is the most likely tree |
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NOT BE |
Characters should (be/not be) obvious to the naked eye to be useful for discovering phylogeny |
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1. More 2. Parsimony 3. Open |
The __1___ characters used, the more reliable the results. The cladistic approach assumes __2__, although nature may not always be. IT is an objective approach to constructing trees, devoid of biases. It is an __3__ process, the raw data which yielded the results are always visible. |
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Frequencies
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If there are 2 alleles at a locus, p and q are used to represent? |
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p + q = 1 [Allele Frequency] p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 [Genotype Frequency] |
2 Equations Assumed for the Hardy-Weinberg Model, for p and q |
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Homozygous Genotypes Heterozygous Genotype |
p2 and q2 represent frequencies of? 2pq represents frequency of? |
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1. Microevolution 2. Random 3. Natural Selection 4. Genetic Drift 5. Gene flow |
If p and q changes from on generation to the next, the population underwent __1__. If it changed in a predictable way, then the allele frequency change was not __2__ from the mechanism __3__. If it changed unpredictably, the allele frequency change was ___2___ from either ___4___ or ___5___. |
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Population |
- Group of interbreeding individuals located in the same area and separated physically from other populations of the same species |
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Gene pool |
- Genotype of a population - Consists of all of the alleles presents for all of the genes found in the species in the population members |
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Evolutionary Change |
- Process of change in gene frequency that only occurs when certain conditions within a population are violated, or else genetic equilibrium will be maintained - Occurs at the level of the population, not individual |
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1. Mutation must not occur 2. Migration must not occur in the population 3. Population size must be large 4. Survival and reproductive success of population members must be random and independent of their genotypes |
4 Hardy-Weinberg conditions |
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Genetic fixation |
- Condition in which genes are represented by only one of two or more possible alleles and many individuals are homozygous for many genes - Characteristic of small populations |
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Genetic Drift |
- Changes in alleles frequencies in small populations due to chance events |
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Natural Selection |
- Nonrandom survival and reproduction of population members, is the major cause of evolutionary change in most populations - Works through organism's environment which exerts specific selection pressures that favor certain individuals and act against others, based on their phenotypes |
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0.44 |
What is the observed allele frequency for the sepia allele q when there is 184 sepia eyes and 762 red eye flies? |
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x2 = SUM (deviation2 / expected) |
How to calculate Chi-squared value? (x2) |
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Clade |
a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, according to the principles of cladistics |
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Outgroup |
a group of organisms not belonging to the group whose evolutionary relationships are being investigated. |
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Monophyletic |
(of a group of organisms) descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group |
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Character State |
The particular form or value that is manifested by a variable character in a specific individual or taxon |
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Homologous Characters |
characters in different organisms that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor that also had that character. Ex: four limbs of tetrapods. Birds, bats, mice, and crocodiles all have four limbs. |
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Analogous Characters |
have separate evolutionary origins, but are superficially similar because they have both experienced natural selection that shaped them to play a key role in flight; result of convergent evolution Ex: Bird and bat wings |
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Parsimony principle |
basic to all science and tells us to choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence. In terms of tree-building, that means that, all other things being equal, the best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes |
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Gene Flow (Migration) |
- Consists of the movement of alleles among populations and introduces new alleles (diversity) - Can be transferred through the movement of fertile individuals or gametes (ex: pollen) - Tends to reduce differences between populations over time |
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Genetic Drift |
- Unpredictable mechanism, RANDOM fluctuations - Significant in smaller populations - Takes away allele frequencies and thus reduces genetic variation |
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Natural Selection |
- Involves both chance and "sorting"- Consistently results in adaptive evolution (non-random) - Does not introduce variations, sorts random variations into complex, harmonious structures- Ex: Eyeball |
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Founder Effect |
- When a small population emigrates from a large parent population and becomes established in a different area, its gene pool may become significantly different than that of the parent population |
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Porifera |
- Basal animals, lack true tissues & organs - Sedentary fresh/marine water - Sac body plan with one opening called osculum - Spicule skeleton; two cell layer body wall |
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Cnidaria |
- Radial Symmetry; Sac body plan; 2 Layers of Body Wall; use stinging cells to feed - Medusa or polyp |
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Platyhelminthes |
- Marine/freshwater/damp terrestrial - Bilateral symmetry; sac body plan; triploblast; gastrovascular cavity with protonephridia for osmotic balance - Acoelomate - Absorb nutrients through diffusion or mouth orifice which is also its anus |
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Nematoda |
- Bilateral ; tube body plan; triploblast pseudocoelom - Feed by ingesting food materials |
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Grantia - Porifera 1. Collar Cells 2. Spicules 3. Epidermal Cells |
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Leucosolenia –Porifera |
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Aurelia – Cnidaria•(class scyphozoa) |
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Obelia Medusa –Cnidaria •(classhydrozoa) 1. Mouth 2. Gonad 3. Tentacle |
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Obelia Colony –Cnidaria (class hydrozoa) 1. Reproductive Polyp 2. Feeding Polyp 3. Medusa Bud 4. Tentacle |
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Hydra Plain –Cnidaria 1. Mouth 2. Tentacle |
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Sea anemone –Cnidaria |
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Planaria - Platyhelminthes •(class turbellaria) 1. Eye Spots 2. Auricle 3. Gastrovascular Cavity 4. Mouth 5. Pharynx |
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Clonorchis - Platyhelminthes•Fluke(class trematoda) |
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Taenia PisiformisTapeworm- Platyhelminthes •(class cestoda) 1. Hooks 2. Suckers 3. Proglottid |
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Trichinella spiralis- Nematoda |
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Ascaris- Nematoda |
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Heartworm- Nematoda |
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1. Osculum 2. Choanocyte 3. Spongocoel 4. Epidermis 5. Mesohyl 6. Spicules 7. Amoebocytes |
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1. Sperm Duct 2. Testis 3. Intestines 4. Vulva 5. Uterus 6. Pharynx 7. Ovary |
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Lophotrochozoan Ecdysozoan Deuterostome |
3 Groups within Bilateria |
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Rotifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Annelida |
4 Phyla within Lophotrochozoan |
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Nematoda Arthropoda |
2 Phyla within Ecdysozoan |
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Annelida |
Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Hirudineaare clasases within which phyla? |
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Annelida |
- Tube body plan, coelomate, closed circulating system, differentiated digestive tract, segmented with bodies composed of series of fused rings |
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Annelida - Oligochaeta |
Earths worms are part of which phylum and class? |
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Setae |
- Structure that anchors earthworms for movement |
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Nephridia |
- Structure within earthworms that aid in nitrogen waste disposal; coiled tubules |
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1. distributes 2. returns |
In the Earthworm, the dorsal blood vessel __1__ blood and the ventral blood vessel __2__ blood |
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Crop |
- Soft sided storage sac after the earthworm esophagus |
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Gizzard |
- In the Earthworm, grinds food before passing it to the intestine for digestion and absorption |
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Septa |
- Thin transparent membranes that separate the worm's segments into internal compartments |
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Mollusca |
- Tube body plan, coelomate, open circulatory system, differentiated digestive tract - Body is divided into foot, visceral mass and mantle |
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Mollusca Mercenaria |
Clam is within which phyla, which genus? |
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1. Dorsal
2. Anterior 3. Posterior |
A clam's hinge indicates its ___1___ side and the end nearest its umbo indicates its ___2___ end. The siphons are found at the __3__ end. |
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Clam |
- Filter feeds after drawing water through siphhons - Open circulatory system with heart and non-red blood |
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Nephridia |
- Eliminates nitrogen wastes and is found in the visceral mass of clams |
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chitons |
Example of polyplacophora |
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Gastropoda
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Class that includes snaills, slugs |
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Bivalvia |
Class that includes clams, mussels, scallops, oysters Reduced head, paired gills, no radula |
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Cephalopoda |
Class that includes squids, cotopuses - External, internal or absent shell; jet propulsion locomotion - Head surrounded by grasping tentacles; mouth with or without radula |
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Foot Visceral Mass Mantle |
3 parts of Mollusc Body |
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Arthropoda |
- Tube body plan, segmented, coelomate, open circulatory system, differentiated digestive tract |
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Crustacea (Crayfish) Hexapoda (Grasshopper) Chelicerata (Horseshoe crab) Myriapoda (centipedes) |
4 Subphyla within Arthopoda and examples |
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Arthropods |
- Segmented with jointed legs - |
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Crustacea Chelicerates |
2 subphyla of arthropods that have fused head and thorax called cephalothorax |
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Crustacea (2) Hexapoda (1) |
2 subphyla of arthropoda with antennae and tell how many |
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Mandibles |
Modified appendages into mouthparts |
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Green Glands Malpigian Tubules |
- Waste removal organs of crayfish? - Of insects? |
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Chelipeds |
Appendages on the crayfish for defense "pincers" |
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Uropods |
the sixth and last pair of abdominal appendages of lobsters and related crustaceans, forming part of the tail fan. |
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Swimmerets |
normally found on the first five abdominal segments and typically terminate in paired oarlike branches. They function primarily for carrying the eggs in females and are usually adapted for swimming |
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carapace |
the hard upper shell of a turtle, crustacean, or arachnid. |
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Spiracles |
- Openings into the respiratory tubules in insects |
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Tympanum |
- Oval structure under wing near third leg of grasshoppers that is used to detect sound |
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1. Cleavage Pattern
2. Mesoderm development 3. Invagination of the embryo to produce digestive tract |
3 Differences between Deuterostomes and Protostomes
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1. Radial
2. Anus 3. Indeterminate |
Deuterostomes have __1__ cleavage pattern, its blastopore forms the __2__, and its mesoderm development is ___3___. |
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Echinodermata |
- Marine animals with spiny skins (thin epidermis covers endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates) and tube feet - Adults have five parted radial symmetry; larva is bilateral - Lack waste removal organs; reproduce sexually externally - Unique water vascular system: network of hydraulic canals function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange |
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1. Notochord 2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits 4. Postanal tail |
4 Characteristics of Chordates |
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Chordata
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- Closed circulatory system with ventral heart; respiratory systems, nervous system and coelomic cavity are well developed; differentiated digestive systems; present waste removal organs and sexual reproduction |
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Cephalochordata (Lancelets) Urochordata (Tunicates) |
2 Groups of primitive Chordates |
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Madreporite (sieve plate) |
Small round structure on echinoderms that is the opening for the water vascular system |
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Ampullae |
- Bulbs that control water pressure in each tube foot in echinoderms |
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Dermal Gills |
- Finger-like projections that increase surface area for gas exchange in echinoderms |
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Pedicellaria |
- Small pinchers that clean the skin in echinoderms |
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Sea Stars |
Asteroidea |
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Brittle Stars |
Ophiuroidea |
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Sea urchins, sand dollars |
Echinoidea |
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Sea lilies, feather stars |
Crinoidea |
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Sea cucumbers |
Holothuroidea |
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1. Chelipeds (Pincers) 2. Mandibles (Mouth parts) 3. Swimmerets 4. Uropods |
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1. Septum 2. Nephridium 3. Dorsal blood vessel 4. Chaetae 5. Clitellum 6. Crop 7. Gizzard |
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1. Mantle 2. Digestive Gland 3. Gut 4. Coelom 5. Palp 6. Gonad |
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1. Heart 2. Malpighian Tubules 3. Ovary 4. Tracheal Tubules 5. Mouthparts |
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1. Cirri 2. Atrium |
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1. Incurrent Siphon 2. Excurrent Siphon 3. Atrium 4. Tunic |
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Ventilation Rate |
- Number of opercular openings per minute |
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Thermoregulation |
process by which animals maintain internal temperature within tolerable range |
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Homeostasis |
- Maintenance of internal balance - Relies largely on negative feedback |
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Endothermic |
- These animals can maintain constant body temperature through metabolism |
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Ectothermic |
- These animals gain most of their body heat through external sources |
