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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Diagram of a Microscope
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Diagram of An Amino Acid/ Protein
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Diagram of DNA
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Diagram of the Food Web
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Diagram of Energy Pyramid
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Diagram of Digestive System
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Human Growth Hormone(HGH)
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A protein produced by the pituitary gland that regulates growth
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Genetically Producing HGH
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Created by using genetically engineered bacteria to produce the hormone
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Bioethics
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The analysis if right and wrong actions in biological issues
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The Control In Experiments
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The standard to compare changes
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Qualitive Experiments
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Using senses
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Quantitive Experiments
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Using measurements
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Micrometers
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(Measure of Length)➡1mm=um
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Microscope Total Magneficiation
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Eyepiece × Objective Power
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Field of Vision(Microscopes)
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The lower the power the greater the field of vision
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How Images Are Viewed
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Images are inverted and reversed
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Why Can Living Organisms Move In and Out of Focus?
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They are moving through different levels in the fluid
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Hypothesis
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An explanation that can be tested through experiments/observation
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Theory
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An explanation that is supported by many observations
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Theory of Natural Selection
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Organisms change gradually over time
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Lamarck's Idea
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Characteristics acquired in ones lifetime cab be inherited (false)
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Darwin's Theory Of Natural Selection
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Variations among organisms can be inherited; survival favors some organisms over others; only some organisms survive to reproduce
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Thomas Malthus Theory
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Suggested that members of a species compete to survive
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Natural Selection
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Organisms best adapted to their environment are most likely to have offspring
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Species
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A group of closely related organisms that naturally reproduce and produce fertile offspring
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Scientific Ideas
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Constantly tested against new evidence and modified as needed
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Characteristics of Science
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Based on the assumption that the natural world can be investigated and explained; relies on the results of careful observation and controsllrd experimentation; results can be repeatable in order to be accepted
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Elements
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Only made up of 1 kind of atom
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Compound
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Two or more elements that combine chemically
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What are chemical reactions in cells used for?
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Cell growth, maintenance, energy storage, and cell development
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Ion
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An atom that has gained or lost an electron(s)
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What do Ionic Bonds involve?
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The transfer of electrons
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Covalent Bond
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A bond involving the sharing of electrons to help fill electron shells
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Hydrogen Bond
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A bond that involves the hydrogen of water molecule that is attracted to the oxygen of another water molecule
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pH
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Acids have more H+ than OH- (Between 0 and 7); Bases have more OH- than H+ (Between 7 and 14); Neutral is H=OH- and is 7 (Water)
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Makeup of Organic Compounds
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Contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
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Carbohydrates
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Contain C, H, O ; they are a source of energy; have simple sugars (monosaccharides) as their building blocks (such as glucose)
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Glucose Molecules Link
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Glucose molecules are linked together in long chains to produce starch
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Cellulose
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Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate and formed from glucose molecules through dehydration synthesis reactions
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How do plants store carbohydrates?
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Plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch
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Lipids
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Fatty acids and glycerol are the building blocks; Have long tails and H & C; Phospholipids are components of cell membranes
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Proteins
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Amino acids are the building blocks; When amino acids combine water is released (dehydration synthesis) ; A peptide bond is formed with C and N between two amino acids by taking an H atom from the amino group of one amino acid in the OH from the acid (carboxyl)group of another amino acid
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Nucleic Acid Monomer
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Nucleotides
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DNA Nucleotide Composition
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Composed of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogen base (A,T,C,G)
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How do nucleotides differ?
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Based upon their kind of nitrogen base
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What are the nitrogen bases of DNA?
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Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
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What is the base pair rule?
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A - T, C - G
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When does replication of a double-stranded DNA molecule begin?
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When the strands separate at the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen base pairs
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Who provided the double helix model of DNA?
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Watson and Crick
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Free Energy
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The energy available for organisms to do work
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Autotrophs
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Producers that obtain their energy from nonliving sources such as the sun, soil, and air
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How Do Producers Capture Energy?
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Producers are able to capture energy from sunlight and combine it to produce chemical energy
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Heterotrophs
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Consumers
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Factors In An Ecosystem
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Biotic factors are living components and abiotoc are nonliving components
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What makes up the biosphere?
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All the ecosystems of the Earth
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Food Webs
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Made up of producers and consumers( though occasionally decomposers) with arrow going to the organsims obtaining energy
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Decomposers Energy Source
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Decomposers rely on dead orgamisms for energy from nutrients
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Energy Pyramids
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Show a one way flow of energy in which energy eventually leaves the ecosystem as heat
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Free Energy vs. Entropy
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As free energy decreases, entropy increases and vice versa
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Community In an Ecosystem
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All interacting populations in a given area represent a community
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Entropy Decrease In Universe
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Heat given off by an ecosystem results in a decrease in the entropy of the universe
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Population In An Ecosystem
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Organisms of the same species represent a population
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ATP
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Energy is released when the bond between the last 2 phosphates is broken
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Substrate
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The substance the enzyme acts on
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Active Site
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The area where the substrate and enzyme meet
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What do enzymes have?
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Optimum temperature and pH
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Function Of Enzymes In A Cell
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To control specific chemical reactions
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Where is the enzyme placed in a chemical equation?
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Above the yield arrow
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Digestive Track In Humans
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Oral Cavity---Epiglottis---Esophagus---Stomach---Small Intestine---Large Intestine---Anus
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Peristalsis
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Muscular activity that keeps food moving through the digestive system
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Carbohydrate Digestion
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Starts in the mouth, and completed in the small intestine
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Protein Digestion
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Starts in the stomach, completed in the small intestine
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Lipid Digestion
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Starts and is completed in the small intestine
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Villi's Function
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To increase the surface are in the small intestine for nutrient absorption
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Large Intestine
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Absorbs water into the bloodstream and is where feces is formed
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Gall Bladder
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Stores bile while the liver produces it
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Where is Gastric Juice Produced?
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In the stomach
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Emulsification
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The breaking down of fat globules into droplets
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What Is The Cell Membrane Made Out Of?
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Layers of phospolipids and proteins
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Diffusion
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A substance moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Concentration Gradient
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Formed due to the molecules of a substance moving randomly through the system
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Osmosis
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The diffusion of water
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What Will Happen To An Animal Cell When Placed In Pure Water?
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It will swell and possibly burst
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Works with the concentration gradient
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Passive Transport
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Works with the concentration gradient
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Examples Of Passive Transport Molecules
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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxode
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Active Transport
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Works independently off the concentration gradient
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Main Source Of Energy For Active Transport
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The hydrolysis of ATP
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