Biology Grade 11 - Unit 4

Front 1

nutrient

Back 1

a chemical that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive; nutrients provide the raw material for growth and repair and may be a source of energy

Front 2

metabolism

Back 2

the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

Front 3

catabolism

Back 3

the metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller subunits

Front 4

anabolism

Back 4

the metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits

Front 5

metabolic rate

Back 5

the rate at which the body converts stores energy into working energy

Front 6

Metabolic rate depends on what five factors?

Back 6

Body size (larger body = more energy needed), Physical activity (muscle burns more energy than fat), sex (males typically require more energy than females), age (the rate decreases with age), and hereditary factors (some people have naturally high metabolic rates).

Front 7

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Back 7

the minimum amount of energy required to keep you alive

Front 8

triglyceride

Back 8

a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids that are bonded together

Front 9

vitamin

Back 9

an organic molecule that the body requires in small amounts as an essential nutrient

Front 10

mineral

Back 10

an element, such as calcium or phosphorus, required by the body in small amounts; plays a role in cell processes and repair

Front 11

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 11

psychological disorder that usually begins as nothing more than simple dieting, but then progresses to extremes (the use of laxatives, extreme dieting, diet pills, excessive exercising, and even enemas).

Front 12

Overeating

Back 12

Genetic factors can lead to obesity, but it can also occur due to unhealthy eating habits.

Front 13

Bulimia

Back 13

A psychological disorder that involves excessive eating followed by self-induced vomiting or laxative use to prevent weight gain. Unlike people with Anorexia, people with Bulimia often recognize that they have an eating disorder, leading to feelings of guilt. It can also cause tooth decay and mouth sores.

Front 14

gastrovascular cavity

Back 14

a simple, sac-like digestive cavity that has only one opening through which food is taken in and wastes are expelled (ex. Jellyfish)

Front 15

gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)

Back 15

the passageway or tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and in which the process of digestion takes place

Front 16

enzyme

Back 16

any chemical produced by cells that facilitates biochemical reactions in the body, such as those involved indigestion and metabolism; all enzymes are proteins

Front 17

amylase

Back 17

an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates

Front 18

mucus

Back 18

a protective secretion produced by the epithelial cells that form the mucous membrane

Front 19

esophagus

Back 19

an organ consisting of a muscular tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach

Front 20

peristalsis

Back 20

the rhythmic, involuntary wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

Front 21

sphincter

Back 21

the circular muscle that contracts to close an opening in the body

Front 22

chyme

Back 22

a semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juice

Front 23

gastrin

Back 23

a hormone that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach

Front 24

pepsin

Back 24

a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach

Front 25

ulcer

Back 25

a lesion or open sore on the epithelium of an organ

Front 26

What would happen if the stomach produced pepsin instead of pepsinogen?

Back 26

The stomach would eat itself

Front 27

How are ulcers created?

Back 27

They occur when they stomach's lining is exposed to the stomach's acids

Front 28

villus

Back 28

a small, finger-like projection of the small intestine mucosa

Front 29

microvillus

Back 29

a microscopic projection of the cell membrane of certain types of epithelial cells; greatly increases the surface area of the cell

Front 30

lacteal

Back 30

a lymphatic vessel within a villus, through which digested fats enter the circulatory system

Front 31

What is secreted by the special cells in the mucosa of the duodenum that is then released into the bloodstream when fat-rich chyme enters the duodenum?

Back 31

CCK... it signals the pancreas to secrete a variety of substances needed for digestion

Front 32

secretin

Back 32

a hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions

Front 33

trypsin

Back 33

a protein-digesting enzyme produced from trypsinogen

Front 34

enterokinase

Back 34

an enzyme of the small intestine that converts inactive trypsinogen into trypsin

Front 35

lipase

Back 35

an enzyme that digests lipids

Front 36

bile

Back 36

a substance that emulsifies fats for faster breakdown by lipases; produced by the liver

Front 37

passive transport

Back 37

the movement of materials across a cell membrane without any expenditure of the cell's energy

Front 38

concentration gradient

Back 38

the difference in the number of molecules or ions of a substance in a given volume between adjoining areas

Front 39

facilitated diffusion

Back 39

the diffusion of molecules across a cell membrane via a transport protein

Front 40

active transport

Back 40

the transportation of materials through a cell membrane using energy from the cell

Front 41

cecum

Back 41

a blind pouch at the upper end of the large intestine

Front 42

colon

Back 42

the longest part of the large intestine

Front 43

rectum

Back 43

the lower 20cm of the large intestine, gernally referred to as the lower bowel, where feces are stored

Front 44

anus

Back 44

the opening at the lower end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes are eliminated from the body

Front 45

egestion

Back 45

the removal of waste food materials from the body

Front 46

feces

Back 46

the undigested material that is eliminated as waste from the body

Front 47

endoscopy

Back 47

any medical procedure that uses an endoscope to look inside the body

Front 48

nausea

Back 48

the feeling associated with having the urge to vomit

Front 49

emesis

Back 49

the expulsion of stomach contents through the esophagus and the mouth; also known as vomiting

Front 50

diarrhea

Back 50

loose or watery feces

Front 51

aerobic cellular respiration

Back 51

the series of chemical reactions that occur in the cells that provide energy and consume oxygen

Front 52

phosphorylation

Back 52

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Front 53

gas exchange

Back 53

the processes whereby the body cells obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide

Front 54

ventilation

Back 54

the process in more complex organisms that ensures a flow of oxygen-rich air to the lungs

Front 55

trachea

Back 55

the tube leading from the mouth toward the lungs

Front 56

What are the four primary structural features of the respiratory system in mammals?

Back 56

1. Thin permeable respiratory membrane through which diffusion can occur

2. large surface area for gas exchange

3. good supply of blood

4. breathing system for bringing oxygen-rich air to the respiratory membrane

Front 57

bronchus

Back 57

one of the two main branches of the trachea that lead toward the lungs

Front 58

bronchiole

Back 58

a tiny branch of a bronchus that connects to a cluster of alveoli

Front 59

alveolus

Back 59

a tiny sac at the end of a bronchiole that forms the respiratory membrane

Front 60

diaphragm

Back 60

a large sheet of muscle located beneath the lungs that is the primary muscle in breathing

Front 61

external intercostal muscle

Back 61

a muscle that raises the rib cage, decreasing pressure inside the chest cavity

Front 62

internal intercostal muscle

Back 62

a muscle that pulls the rib cage downward, increasing pressure inside the chest cavity

Front 63

pleural membrane

Back 63

a thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity

Front 64

pneumothorax

Back 64

a collapsed lung caused by the introduction of air between the pleural membrane

Front 65

total lung capactiy

Back 65

the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled during a single breath

Front 66

tidal volume

Back 66

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, involuntary breath

Front 67

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 67

the volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Front 68

expiratory reserve volume

Back 68

the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Front 69

residual volume

Back 69

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Front 70

vital capacity

Back 70

the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled

Front 71

VO2

Back 71

an estimated or measured value representing the rate at which oxygen is used in the body, measured in millilitres per kilogram per minute

Front 72

VO2MAX

Back 72

the maximum rate at which oxygen can be used in an individual, measured in millilitres per kilogram per minute

Front 73

What are some disorders associated with the respiratory system?

Back 73

Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, and Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Front 74

What are the three fundamental components of the circulatory system?

Back 74

1. Fluid that transports (circulates) materials through the body

2. a network of tubes in which the fluid circulates

3. a pump that pushes the fluid through the tubes

Front 75

hemolymph

Back 75

a mixture of blood and tissue fluid that is the circulating fluid in an open circulatory system

Front 76

atrium

Back 76

a chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body (human hearts have a left and right atrium)

Front 77

ventricle

Back 77

a chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the body (the human heart contains a left and right ventricle)

Front 78

septum

Back 78

a wall of tissue that divides a body cavity or structure into smaller parts; for example, the ventricle of a mammal's heart is divided into two cavities by a septum

Front 79

pulmonary circuit

Back 79

the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to the lungs

Front 80

systemic circuit

Back 80

the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood around the body

Front 81

serum

Back 81

the fluid that results from the cells, platelets, and fibrinogen have been removed from whole blood

Front 82

erythrocyte

Back 82

a red blood cell

Front 83

pus

Back 83

a yellowish-white fluid formed in infected tissue, consisting of white blood cells and cellular debris

Front 84

leukocyte

Back 84

a white blood cell

Front 85

platelet

Back 85

a cell fragment in the blood that is necessary for blood clotting

Front 86

anemia

Back 86

a condition of a low erythrocyte count or a low hemoglobin level, which leads to low oxygen levels

Front 87

What makes up an ideal blood substitute?

Back 87

1. does not induce an antibody reaction in the recipient

2. eliminates, or reduces, the possibility of transmitting infection

3. is capable of delivering adequate oxygen

4. is readily available, capable of being stores at room temperature, and have a long shelf-life

Front 88

aorta

Back 88

the largest blood vessel in the body, connected directly to the heart; the aorta branches into arteries that carry oxygenated blood to the body tissues

Front 89

arteriole

Back 89

the smallest artery, with smooth muscle in its walls

Front 90

vasodilation

Back 90

an increase in the diameter (dilation) of arterioles that increases the blood flow to tissues

Front 91

vasoconstriction

Back 91

a decrease in the diameter of arterioles that decreases the blood flow to tissues

Front 92

venule

Back 92

the smallest vein; formed by the merging of capillaries

Front 93

systolic pressure

Back 93

the blood pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

Front 94

diastolic pressure

Back 94

the blood pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes

Front 95

hypertension

Back 95

consistent blood pressure above the range of normal values; also called high blood pressure

Front 96

lymph

Back 96

tissue fluid collected in lymph vessels and returned to the blood

Front 97

lymph node

Back 97

an enlargement in the lymph vessels that acts as a filter to remove bacteria and foreign particles

Front 98

spleen

Back 98

the largest organ of the lymphatic system; acts as a filter and a reservoir of erythrocytes and leukocytes

Front 99

thymus

Back 99

a glandular organ of the lymphatic system; secretes hormones to promote the maturity of lymphocytes

Front 100

pericardium

Back 100

a two-layered fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the heart and prevents friction between the heart and other tissues and organs

Front 101

coronary blood vessel

Back 101

a blood vessel that circulates blood to and from the muscle cells of the heart

Front 102

semilunar valve

Back 102

the vale located between the left ventricle and the aorta and the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries to prevent the backflow of blood when the ventricles relax

Front 103

atrioventricular valve

Back 103

the valve located between each atrium and ventricle to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria

Front 104

chordae tendineae

Back 104

tendons that support the atrioventricular valves

Front 105

cardiac cycle

Back 105

the contractions and relaxations of the heart muscles during a complete heartbeat

Front 106

diastole

Back 106

the period of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are relaxed; blood fills the ventricles

Front 107

systole

Back 107

the period of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract; blood is ejected from the ventricles

Front 108

myogenic muscle

Back 108

muscle that can contract and relax without input from an external source

Front 109

sinoatrial (SA) node

Back 109

a mass of muscle and nerve cells in the right atrium; initiates the heartbeat and maintains the regular rhythm

Front 110

atrioventricular (AV) node

Back 110

a mass of conducting cells that transmits the signals from the SA node to the muscles of the ventricles

Front 111

Purkinje fibre

Back 111

a conducting fibre that carries the electrical signals from the AV node to the muscle cells of the ventricles

Front 112

electrocardiograph

Back 112

a device that detects the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes placed on the body's surface