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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genetics |
The science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment. |
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Cell |
The basic structural unit of living things that is made up of cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane. Includes a nucleus and other smaller parts which perform specific functions necessary for life. |
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Prokaryote |
An organism that is usually unicellular and has no organised nucleus or organelles. |
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Eukaryote |
An organism whose cells have a true nucleus and organelles. |
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Organelles |
Organised or specialised structures that carry out their own specific functions within a cell. E.g. nucleus, mitochondria, vesicles |
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Mutation |
A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as a result of environmental factors such as UV light, cigarette smoke or radiation. |
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Chromosome |
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
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DNA |
It is the carrier of genetic information. |
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Haploid |
a cell or nucleus having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. |
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Diploid |
a cell or nucleus containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
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Traits |
a genetically determined characteristic. |
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Dominant genes |
whereby, in an individual containing two allelic forms of a gene, one is expressed to the exclusion of the other. |
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Recessive genes |
heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent. |
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Alleles |
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
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Phenotypes |
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
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Genotype |
the genetic constitution of an individual organism. |
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Homozygous |
when an individual having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes and so breeding true for the corresponding characteristic. |
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Heterozygous |
when an individual having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes, and so giving rise to varying offspring. |
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Mitosis |
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
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Autosome |
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
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Meiosis |
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
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Gametes |
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
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DNA |
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): A molecule where the genetic code is written. Your features and traits that are inherited and passed on from one generation to another in the form of a genetic code. It is located in the nucleus of all of your cells and are the instructions that made you up. |
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Nucleotides |
Nucleotides: Nucleotides are building blocks that make up DNA molecules. Each nucleotide has three parts: Phosphate, Sugar and Nitrogenous base. The bases in a nucleotide can change. |
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Nitrogenous bases |
The bases that can be found in DNA. There are 4 possible bases that can exists which are: 1. Adenine (A) 2. Thymine (T) 3. Cytosine (C) 4. Guanine (G) |
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Complementary base pairs |
either of the nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA. guanine is the complementary base of cytosine, and adenine is the complementary base of thymine in DNA. |
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Hydrogen bonding |
Internal and external hydrogen bonds stabilize the DNA molecule. The two strands of DNA stay together by Hydrogen bonds that occur between complementary nucleotide base pairs. Two hydrogen bonds occur between the adenosine and the thymine base pairs, and between the cytosine and the guanine there are three. |
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Organelles |
A cellular structures that performs specific functions within a cell. |
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Eukaryotes: |
Organisms whose cells contain an organized nucleus. |
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Cell theory |
The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things and that living cells come only from other living cells. |
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Ribosomes |
They build and synthesize proteins for the cell. |
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Cytoplasm |
It is a fluid that fills the cell and gives the cell its shape. It is the site for most of the cell's biochemical reactions. The organelles are what the organelles are suspended in. The cell's cytoplasm is responsible for storing the chemicals and nutrients and providing a good environment for cellular organelles to perform their functions. It also helps the cell expand during reproduction. |
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Plasma membrane |
Protects the cells from its surroundings and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells. |