Biology: Genes And Dna

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Adenine

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One of the purine bases found in nucleotides that are the building blocks of DNA (and RNA)

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Base Pairs

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Any of the pairs formed between complementary bases and in the two nucleotide chains of DNA such as A-T and C-G; can also refer to any complementary pairs formed between a DNA chain and an RNA chain

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Base Sequence

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Specific order of nucleotides (bases) along a DNA chain and an RNA chain

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Chargaff's Rule

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Regularity observed by Chargaff that in DNA, the relative proportions of A and T are equal and similarly, the proportion of C is equal to that of G

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Chromosomes

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Thread-like structures composed of DNA and protein, and visible in cells during mitosis and meiosis

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Coding Region

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Part of a gene that contains coded information for making a polypeptide chain

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Comparative Genomics

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Comparative study of the genomes of several species

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Cytosine

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One of the pyrimidine bases found in he nucleotides that are building blocks of DNA (and RNA)

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D-Loop

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Region of mtDNA, also known as the control region, or the hyper-variable region

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Decoded

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Refers to the translation of genetic information held in DNA into amino acids

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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Nucleic acid containing the four bases - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine - which forms the major component of chromosomes and contains coded genetic information

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Deoxyribose

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Five-carbon sugar that forms one component of the nucleotides found in DNA

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Dihybrid

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Refers to a cross in which alleles of two different genes are involved

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Dissociation

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Separation of a double-stranded DNA molecule into its single strands, which occurs when the hydrogen bonds stabilising the two strands are broken, such as by heating

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DNA Sequences

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Instruments that automate the identification of the order or sequence of bases along a DNA strand

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Double Helix

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Three-dimensional structure of DNA consisting of two nucleotide chains coiled in a regular manner

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Encoded

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Refers to the holding of genetic information in DNA in coded form as a base sequence

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Exon

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Part of the coding region of a gene that is both transcribed and translated

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Flanking Regions

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Regions located either downstream or upstream of the coding region of a gene

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Frameshift

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Type of mutation in which as a result of insertion or deletion of a base, all codons from that point are affected

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Gene

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Inherited instruction carried on a chromosome; specific segment of DNA carrying an instruction encoded in its base sequence for a specific protein product

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Gene Duplication

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Process whereby a second copy of the DNA sequence of a gene appears in a genome

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Gene Sequence

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Order of bases in a DNA segment

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Gene Sequencing

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Identification of the order or sequence of bases along the DNA of a specific gene

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Genetic Code

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Representation of genetic information through a non-overlapping series of groups of three bases (triplets) in a DNA template chain

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Genome

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Sum total of the genes present in a cell or an organism

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Genomics

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Study of the entire genetic make-up or genome of a species

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Germline Mutation

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Change that occurs in the DNA of a gamete, or cell that can give rise to a gamete, and can be transmitted to the next generation

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Guanine

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One of the purine bases present in the nucleotides that are the building blocks of DNA (and RNA)

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Horizontal Gene Transfer

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Acquisition of a new gene by a species as a result of transfer from another species

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Human Genome Project

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International project directed at the identification of the sequence of the more than three billion bases in the human genome

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Hybridisation

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Pairing between single-stranded complementary DNA segments from organisms from the same or even different species

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Hydrogen Bonds

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Weak, non-covalent bonds that form between complementary nucleotides in different DNA strands; hydrogen bonds are responsible for stabilising the structure of the DNA double helix

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Induced Mutation

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Change in DNA brought about by the application of a known mutagen

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Introns

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Part of the coding region of a gene that are transcribed but not translated

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Mendel's Factors

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Term that identifies the name given by Gregor Mendel to entities in his postulated model of inheritance in peas

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Monohybrid

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Refers to a cross in which alleles at only one gene are involved

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Mutation Agents

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Chemical or physical agents that can cause mutation in DNA

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Mutation

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Change in the genetic material

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Nucleic Acids

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Compounds such as DNA or RNA, built from nucleotide sub-units

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Nucleotide Sequence

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In DNA refers to the specific order of nucleotides along part of or all of a DNA molecule, also known as a base sequence

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Nucleotides

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Basic building blocks or sub-units of DNA and RNA and consisting of a phosphate group, a base and a sugar; the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose and that in RNA is ribose

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Promoters

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Part of the upstream flanking region of a gene containing base sequences that control the activity of that gene

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Proteomics

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The study of the proteome, the complete array of proteins produced by an organism

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Purines

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Class of nitrogen containing bases, including adenine and guanine

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Pyrimidines

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Class of nitrogen containing bases, including thymine and cytosine

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Re-association

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Pairing again of single strands of DNA during cooling after the two strands of a DNA double helix have been dissociated by heating

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Recessive

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Refers to a trait that is not expressed but remains hidden in a heterozygous organism

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Retroviruses

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Viruses whose genetic materials is RNA; the RNA is changed into a molecule of DNA that is inserted into a host's DNA when the retrovirus enters the host cell

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

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Genetic differences between individuals resulting from single base changes in their DNA sequence

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Somatic Mutation

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Change in the genetic material (DNA) that occurs in a body cell and cannot be transmitted to the next generation

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TATA Box

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Short base sequence consistently found in the upstream flanking region of the coding region of genes of many different species

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Template Strand

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Part of one strand of a DNA double helix that contains the coded information of a particular gene; sometimes called the sense strand

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Thymine

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One of the pyrimidine bases found in nucleotides that are the building blocks of DNA (and RNA)

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Transforming Factor

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Substance isolated by Oswald Avery that had the ability to change the genetic character of bacteria and was later identified as being DNA

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Triplet Code

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Identifies that the genetic code consists of triplets or three-base sequences