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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chromosome
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Coiled DNA wrapped around a histone proteins
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DNA
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The carrier of genetic information
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RNA
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Ribonucleic Acid. Protein synthesis. Single Stranded
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Molecule
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A group of atoms bonded together
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Atom
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The basic unit of a chemical element
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Amino Acid
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The building blocks of proteins
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Protein
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Consists of polymers of amino acids
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Enzyme
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Enzymes are proteins that bring about chemical reactions
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Carbohydrate
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A molecule that consists primarily carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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Gene
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A sequence that encodes an RNA or protein product
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Genome
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An organism's complete set of genetic material
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Epigenome
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The heritable changes in gene expression that are not the result of changes in DNA sequence
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Mutation
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Permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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Nucleus
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Double membrane sac that encloses a cell's DNA
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Ribosome
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Organelle of protein synthesis
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Plasma Membrane
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A cells outermost membrane
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Cell Receptor
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detects stimulus
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Stem Cell
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Cell capable of replication or differentiation into some or all types of cells
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Cell Cycle
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A series of event from the time a cell forms until its cytoplasm divides
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Cancer
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Disease that occurs when the uncontrolled growth of body cells invade other tissues physically and metabolically disrupts normal function.
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Metabolism
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All the enzyme mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules
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Transcription
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Process by which an RNA is assembled from nucleotides using the base sequence of a gene as a template
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Translation
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Process by which a polypeptide chain is assembled from amino acids in the order specified by an mRNA
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Gene Expression
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Process by which the information in a gene becomes converted to an RNA or protein product
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Gene Regulation
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Process that controlls which genes are to be expressed
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Anaphase
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Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles
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Centrosome
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The things that produce spindles and move to opposite ends of the cell during mitosis and meiosis
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Cleavage Furrow/ Cell Plate
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The indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur
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Cytokinesis
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cytoplasmic division
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Homologous Chromosomes
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Chromosomes with the same length, shape and set of genes
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Interphase
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The stage before prophase DNA and centrosomes replicate.
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Malignant
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Becoming worse
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Metaphase
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The chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate
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Metastasis
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The process by which cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another
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Mitosis
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Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number. Basis of body growth and tissue repair in multicelled eukaryotes
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Mitotic Spindle
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Micro tubules the aline the chromosomes during metaphase
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Neoplasm
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An accumulation of abnormally dividing cells
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Oncogene
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Gene that helps transform a normal cell into a cancer cell
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Prophase
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Stage of mitosis during which chromosome condense and become attached to a newly forming spindle
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Proto-oncogene
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A gene that promotes cell division and if it becomes mutated it is then called an oncogene which causes cancer because of uncontrolled growth
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Stem Cells
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Cell capable of replication or of differentiation into some or all cell types
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Telomeres
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Non coding, repetitive DNA sequence at the end of chromosomes; protects the coding sequence from degradation
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Telophase
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Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, condense and new nuclei form
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Reproduction
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Process by which individuals form off spring
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Asexual Reproduction
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Off spring arise from a single parent only
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Sexual Reproduction
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Off spring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both parents
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Meiosis
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Nuclear division process that halves the chromosome number. Basis of sexual reproduction
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Fertilization
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Fusion of two gametes to form a Zygote.
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Allele
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Forms of a gene with slightly different DNA sequences. May encode slightly different versions of the gene's product.
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Trait
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An observable characteristic
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Germ Cell
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Immature reproductive cells that give rise to haploid gametes when it divides
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Gamete
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Mature haploid reproductive cell; egg or sperm
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Sperm Egg
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Male and Female gametes
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Zygote
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Diploid cell formed by the fusion of two cells. The first cell of a new individual
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Haploid
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Having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species
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Diploid
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Having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species
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Crossing Over
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process by which homologous chromosomes exchange alleles
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Nondisjunction
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Failure of sister chromatids or homologous chromatids to separate during nuclear division
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Homologous Chromosome
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Chromosomes with the same length, shape and set of genes
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Sister Chromatids
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One of two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated chromosome
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Interphase
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When DNA and centrosomes replicate
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DNA Replication
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When a cell duplicates its DNA before it divides
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Mitosis
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Cell division
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Mutation
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Permanent change to the nucleotide structure of DNA
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Chromosome
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Carries all of a cells genetic info
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Spermatogenesis
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Takes place inside the seminiferal tubules. Diploid spermatigonia divide mitotically to produce primary spermatocytes. The second division produces secondary spermatocytes with a haploid number of duplicated chromosomes. The next division produces early spermatids, each with 23 single chromosomes. Maturation of the spermatids produces sperm.
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oogenesis
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The formation of eggs. Produces 1 egg opposed to the 4 sperm
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polar bodies
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Each of the small cells that bud off from an oocyte at the two meiotic divisions and do not develop into ova.
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seminiferous tubule
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Where spermatogenesis takes place/ Where diploid spermatigonia divide mitotically.
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testes
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Where sperm is produced
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acrosome
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The anterior of the sperm that produces enzyme to facilitate penetration into the egg
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flagellum
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What propels the sperm
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ovary
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Organ in which eggs form
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follicle
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Immature egg and surrounding cells
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fallopian tube
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woman part
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oviduct
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Duct between ovary and the uterus
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uterus
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Muscular chamber where offspring develop, womb
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zona pellucida
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The thick transparent membrane surrounding the ovum
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infertility
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Infertility most often arises from blocked reproductive ducts or hormonal disorders that prevent ovulation.
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Cleavage
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The miotic division of a cell after mitosis
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gastrulation
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Cell movements produce a three layered gartrula
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organ formation
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the formation of organs from specialized tissues
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tissue specialization
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gene expression
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blastula
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Hollow ball of cells that is a result of cell division
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gastrula
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Three layered developmental stage formed by gastrulation in an animal
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neural tube
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A hollow structure from which the brain and spinal chord develop
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gene expression
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Process by which the information in a gene becomes converted into RNA or a protein product
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gene regulation
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The process used to regulate which genes are turned on and off
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cell differentiation
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The process by which cells become specialized
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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germ layer
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3 layers of a blastula
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endoderm
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Inner most layer of an animal embryo. Produces the lining of the gut, respiratory tract and organs derived from these linings
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mesoderm
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Connective tissue of skin; skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle; bone; cartilage; blood vessels; urinary system; gut organs; peritoneum (coelom lining); reproductive tract
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ectoderm
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Outer layer. Skin and nervous tissue
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morphogen
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Inter cellular signals that encourage selective gene expression. Morphogenes are signal molecules that can act over a long distance and influence cells in a concentration dependent manner. Cells close to a morphogene express one gene and cells far away from the morphogene express other genes.
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master gene
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affects the expression of many other genes
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homeotic gene (Hox Gene)
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Type of master gene. Its expression controls the formation of specific body parts during development
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malformation
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Malformed parts
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blending inheritance
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it was thought inherited traits were determined, randomly, from a range bounded by the homologous traits found in the parents. The inherited characteristics in the off spring are intermediate between those of the parents.
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particulate inheritance
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Discovered by Gregor Mendel showing that characteristics can be passed down from generation to generation through discrete particles
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trait
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An observable characteristic
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phenotype
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the ovbservable characteristics
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genotype
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The particular set of allels carried by an individual
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F1, F2
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First and second generation of off spring
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hybrid cross
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The fusion of parents of different species
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monohybrid cross
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Cross between two individuals identically heterozygous for one gene. ex. Aa X Aa
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dihybrid cross
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Cross between two individuals identically heterozygous for two genes. ex. AaBb x AaBb
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test cross
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Method of determining genotype by tracking the off spring of a cross between an individual of a known phenotype of homozygous recesive with that of an unknown phenotype
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F1 Cross
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Cross between the first filial generation
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Dominant
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Masks the effects of a reccesive allel
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Recessive
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Can be masked by the dominant
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Homozygous
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Having identical alleles of a gene
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Heterozygous
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Having two different alleles of a gene
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Punnett Square
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Thing
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Locus
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Location of a gene on a chromosome
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Independent Assortment
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Two genes of a pair get sorted into gametes independently of how genes on another pair get sorted into gametes
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Linkage
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All the genes on a chromosome
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Multiple Alleles systems
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gene for which three or more alleles persist in a population
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Incomplete Dominance
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When one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
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Co-dominance
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Two alleles that are fully expressed in the heterozygote and neither is dominant over the other
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Epistatic
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Effect in which a trait is influenced by the products of multiple genes
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Pleiotropic
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A gene that influences multiple traits
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Polygenic
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aka epistasis
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Environmental Interactions
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Ecosystem: A community interacting with its enviroment
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Epigentics
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Heritable changes in the gene expression that do not change the DNA structure
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Autosomal
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An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. A change in the number of autosomes is called non-disjunction and causes very serious mutations
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Sex-linked
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Sex chromosome abnormalities are usually associated with some degree of learning difficulty and motor skill impairment.
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heterozygote advantage
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Can adapt to surrounding
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genetic screening
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Screening for a mutation but also allows for genetically enhanced babies
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teratogen
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A toxin that interferes with the development of an embryo
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mutation
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error in the genome
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inheritance
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genes received from parents
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metabolic disease
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An error during enzyme mediated chemical reactions
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congenital
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conditions present at birth
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critical period
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A period where certain experiences must happen in order for normal development to proceed
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etiology
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The cause of a disease
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Mulifactorial Etiology
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caused by a pattern of familial inheritance resulting from multiple genetic or environmental factors or from a combination of both.
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Cell Differentiation
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The process by which cell become specialized
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Cell
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Basic unit of life
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Stem Cell
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can make more of them selves or specialize
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Totipotent
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can develop a new individual
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pluripotent
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can give rise into any type of cell
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unipotent
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yeild only one specific type of cell
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tissue
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specialized cells organized in a pattern allowing them to function collectively
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organ
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a group of tissues
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organ system
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set of organs engaged in a collective task
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organism
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individual that consist of one or more cells
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extra cellular fluid
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body fluid that serves as an internal enviroment
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Plasma
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fluid portion of blood
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Epithelial
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covers outter body surfaces and lines internal tubes and cavities
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Basement Membrane
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secreted material that attaches epithelium to underlying material
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Carcinoma
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Epithelial Cancer
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Connective Tissue
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supports other tissues
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Cartilage
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connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of their own secretions
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Bone
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Connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a mineral hardened matrix
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Blood
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Circulatory fluid; connective tissue consisting of plasma red blood cells white blood cells and platelets
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Adipose Tissue
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specialized in fat storage
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Muscle Fiber
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The cells that make up muscle tissue
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Cardiac Muscle
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muscle of the heart wall
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Skeletal Muscle
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Muscle that pulls on bones and moves body parts; voluntary
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Smooth Muscle
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Lines blood vessels and hollow organs
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Nervous Tissue
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composed of neurons; detects stimuli and controls responses to them
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Neuron
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stimuli receptor
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Neuroglial Cell
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cells that support and assist neurons
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical signal released by the axons
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