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242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
in adult mammals, which one contains stem cells with developmental potential to form the cellular elements
a. bone b. spleen c. arteries d. liver e. thyroid |
a. bone
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which applies to humoral response?
a. it involves B cells b. it involves memory cells c. it involves helper T cells d. it invovles macrophages as antigen presenting cells. e. all of the above |
a. it involves B cells?
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which one is correct?
a. complement is a protein belonging to the second line of non-specific defense b. once tagged by an antibody, second line of defense mechanisms can effectively destroy foreign cells in a specfic manner. c. complement is a protein made by type B lymphocytes d. a and b |
a. complement is a protein belonging to the second line of non-specific defense
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in ABO blood groups, which isoagglutinin geenes make surface glycoproteins
a. O only b. A only c. A and B d. B only e. A, B, and O |
c. A and B
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whcih is important in self-recognition?
a. IgM b. Class I MHC c. Class II MHC d. all of the above e. b and c |
e. b and c
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which type major histocompatibility complex is associated with cytotoxic T cells?
a. class II MHC b. IgE c. IgM d. Class I MHC |
d. class I MHC
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which is associated with cytotoxic T cell?
a. expresses receptors for class II MHC b. participate in cell communication by direct contact between cells c. it expresses CD8 protein d. all of the above e. b and c |
e. b and c
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the complement system destroys an invading cell by -
a. opsonization b. release of perforin c. insertion of the membrane attack complex d. neutralization |
c. insertion of the membrane attack complex
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which cell is most responsibe for the cytotoxic immune response?
a. T cells b. plasma cells c. macrophage d. helper T cells |
a. T cells
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the defense provided by lymphocytes constitutes part of the non-specific line of defense.
a. true b. false |
b. false
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which menas of antibody-mediated disposal of antigens does not enhance phagocytosis
a. precipitation b. complement fixation c. agglutination d. neutralization |
b. complement fixation
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lymphocytes are part of the nonspecific immune response
a. true b. false |
b. false
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which mechanism is thought to play an important role in determining the enormous variety of B and T cells in the body?
a. a special type of protein synthesis in T lymphocytes b. a special selection of cytotoxic cells c. a special type of mechanism to inster receptors in the PM d. a special type of genetic recombination |
d. a special type of genetic recombination
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cells that attack any infected cell in the body are ____ which cless that attach a body cell infected with a specific virus are _____.
a. natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes b. neutrophils, B lymphocytes c. natural killer cells, helper T lymphocytes d. helper T lymphocytes, natural killer cells |
a. natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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which type of antibody is important for the release of histamines in response to allergens?
a. IgE b. IgG c. IgA d. IgM e. IgD |
a. IgE
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antigen presenting MHC proteins are used to distinguish 'self' from foreign objects.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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antimicrobial secretions on the skin include
a. lysozomes b. chemokines c. interleukin d. cytokinins |
a. lysozomes
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which cellular element is not associated with defense and immunity (white blood cells)?
a. eosinophil b. neutrophil c. platelets d. erythrocytes e. monocyte |
d. erythrocytes
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class I MHC are expressed by cells of the immune system.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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which applies to cell-mediated immune response
a. mediated by T lymphocytes b. directly invovles microphages c. mediated by plasma cells d. all of the above |
a. mediated by T lymphocytes
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cytotoxic t lymphocytes destroy infected cells by
a. secreting antibodies b. calling in macrophages c. secreting interleukin d. activating the complement system e. secreting perforin |
e. secreting perforin (makes a large pore in cell membrane causing cell to lyse)
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In order to ensure that maturning helper T cells are not activated by class II MHC molecules, it is important athat they are expressed ________.
a. on the interior of the thymus b. on B cells c. in bone marrow d. on all nucleated cells |
a. on the interior of the thymus?
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helper T lymphocytes function in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
a. true b. false |
a. true
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which two white blood cell types are associated with phagocytosis or invading particles
a. monocytes, neutrophils b. lymphocytes, neutrophils c. monocytes, lymphocytes d. basophils, monocytes |
a. monocytes, neutrophils
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antibodies can be secreted and can be found on the plasma membrane of lymphocytes as antigen receptors
a. true b. false |
a. true
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antibodies are found as monomers, dimers, and pentamers.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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class II MHC are expressed by non-immune cells.
a. true b. false |
a. true?
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pyrogen is a term used for toxic substances produces by pathogens
a. true b. false |
b. false
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HIV targets which molecule?
a. MHC II b. CD8 c. MHC I d. interleukin e. CD4 |
e. CD4
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which chemical signal is not involved in the inflammatory response?
a. prostaglandin b. histamine c. interleukin d. clotting factors |
c. interleukin
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helper t cells are activated by
a. cytotoxic T cell activation b. binding of cd4 c. binding of cd8 d. clonal selection of antibodies e. foreign or tumor antigens on MHC II proteins |
e. foreign or tumor antigens on MHC II proteins
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IgG is the most abundant circulating secreted antibody.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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clonal selection is the activation of one type of B lymphocytes by an antigen.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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CD4 is the marker of helper t cell lymphocytes
a. true b. false |
a. true
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the cells responsible for the faster response to a second infection of the same antigen are
a. plasma b. memory c. cytotoxic d. effector e. macrophage |
b. memory cells
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blood plasma and interstitial fluid have very similair composition
a. true b. false |
a. true
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which one is associated with helper t cells
a. expresses receptors for class II MHC b. participate in cell communication by direct contact between cells c. expresses receptors for interleukin 1 d. secrete interleukin 2 e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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signals initiating inflammation arise from invading organisms, and by cells of the body
a. true b. false |
a. true
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during a viral disease such as i naids which of the following cells are significantly reduced in numbers
a. plasma cells b. a and c c. helper t cells d. t cells |
d. t cells
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the movement of substances in the phloem is termed ______.
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translocation
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increasing the solute concentration makes the water potential of the solution ______.
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increase
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for diffusion to occur there must be
a. a membrane b. a gradient c. water d. ATP e. all of these |
b. a gradient
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what property of water allows it to move up into the leaves from the soil
a. electrical charge b. ability to form hydrogen bonds c. very small size d. ability to dissolve polar molecules e. high heat capacity |
b. ability to form hydrogen bonds
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in a chemical analysis of xylem sap, which of the following substances would likely be present in the least amount
a. water b. phosphate c. nitrate d. sucrose e. potassium |
d. sucrose
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the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree as the result of
a. active transport or ions into the vascular bundle b. atmospheric pressure on roots c. evaporation of water through stomata d. force of root pressure e. osmosis in the root |
c. evaporation of water through stomata
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the pressure that develops within a living plant cell as result of water entering the cell is known as
a. transpiration b. osmosis c. plasmolysis d. turgor e. water potential |
e. water potential
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arrange the following five events in an order that explains the bulk flow of substances in the phloem
1. water diffuses into the sieve elements 2. leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis 3. solutes are actively transported into sieve elements 4. sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf 5. sugar moves down the stem |
4
1 3 2 5 |
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the nutrient that plays a role in the opening and closing of stomata is _____.
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k+
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in a photosynthetically active leaf the xylem is under ______ pressure and the ploem is under ______ pressure
a. positive/positive b. positive/negative c. negative/negative d. negative/positive |
d. negative/positive
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according to the pressure-flow hypothesis, turgor pressure in the sieve elements at the source is greater tahn the turgor pressure at the sink
a. true b. false |
a. true
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root pressure is the driving force for
a. movement of sucrose through the plant body b. evaporation of water from leaves c. ion movement across the plasma membrane d. cell expansion in growing shoots e. guttation of water from leaf tips |
e. guttation of water from leaf tips
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the transport of water from the roots to the leaves is best explained by the cohesion-tension theory based on hydrogen bonds between water molecules
a. true b. false |
a. true
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companion cells provide nutrition for tracheids
a. true b. false |
a. true
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the stomatal apparatus in leaves consists of a pore bordered by
a. guard cells b. hydathodes c. endodermis d. bundle sheath cells |
a. guard cells
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which tissue layer in the leaf contains stomatal pores
a. palisade parenchyma b. veins c. spongy panenchyma d. epidermis |
d. epidermis
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the pressure that develops against the cell wall as a result of water entering the vacuole of the cell is called
a. osmotic potential b. plasmolysis c. pressure potential d. diffusion |
c. pressure potential
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the main pressure that causes bulk flow of water and minerals through xylem results from
a. hydrostatic pressure b. the accumulation of water and minerals by the stele of the root c. the evaporation of water from the stomata during transpiration d. the lateral transport of water from the phloem |
c. the evaporation of water from the stomata during transpiration
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the endodermis prevents water and minerals from entering the stele through the
a. endodermal cells b. symplast c. apoplast d. plasmodesmata e. xylem vessels |
d. plasmodesmata
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which of the following structures aid in maintaining plant turgor pressure
a. chloroplast b. ribosome c. lysosome d. cell wall e. none of the above |
d. cell wall
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when the stomates are open the internal concentration of K+ is low
a. true b. false |
b. false
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stomatal opening and closing is function of the ______.
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guard cells
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which of the following is not an adaptation seen in xerophytes
a. thick cuticles b. loss of leaves c. white leaves d. sunken stomates |
c. white leaves
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when transport proteins move molecules against the concentration gradient this is called
a. osmosis b. simple diffusion c. passive diffusion d. protein transport system e. active transport |
e. active transport
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water taken into a root from the soil may move through spaces in the cell walls and thus never have to cross a cell membrane except in the
a. epidermis b. cortex c. endodermis d. xylem e. phloem |
c. endodermis
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the movement of water upward in xylem vessels is thought to occur as a consequence of
a. cytoplasmic streaming b. transpiration pull c. turgor pressure d. wall pressure |
b. transpiration pull
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when guard cells swell up and become turgid
a. the stomates open b. the stomates close c. transpiration stopes d. water is lost through the stomate e. a and d |
e. a and d
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a negative water potential indicates a _____ in free energy as compared with pure water
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decrease
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ithe opening of a stomate is thought to involve
a. an increase in the osmotic concentration b. a decrease in the osmotic concentration c. active transport of water out of the guard cells d. decreased turgor pressure |
a. an increase in the osmotic concentration
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movement of sugar in the phloem can occur both upward and downward in the plant
a. true b. false |
a. true
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sugar transport in the phloem of plants does not require energy
a. true b. false |
b. false
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what plant hormone has been shown to be involved in the rapid closing of the stomata
a. auxin b. cytokini c. ethylene d. absicisic acid e. gibberellin |
d. abscisic acid
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negative pressure in the xylem aids in the tension cohesion mechanism for the ascent of water through xylem
a. true b. false |
b. false
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which of the following is not a function of active transport across plant membranes
a. uses atp b. produces a proton gradient c. generates a membrane potential d. equalizes the charge on each side of a membrane e. performed by a membrane protein pump |
d. equalizes the charge on each side of a membrane
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when a potassim ion (k+) passes from the soil into the vacuole of a root cell, what happens to the water potential of the vacuole
a. increases b. decrease c. stays the same d. equals zero |
a. increases
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transpiration is
a. the photochemical reactions that take place in leaf cells b. the evaportation of water from leaves c. the movement of water through the plant d. the movement of water into the roots e. the movement of water out of roots into the soil |
b. the evaporation of water from leaves
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a source organ is an organ that _____ while a sink organ is one that ______
a. photosythesizes, stores carbohydrate b. metabolizes starch, consumes sugars c. photosynthesizes, is activelly growing d. none of these |
a. photosythesizes, stores carbohydrate
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translocation of sugars from leaves to the roots is driven by
a. root pressure b. transpiration c. hydrostatic pressure d. all e. none |
e. none
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water potential is a measure of
a. how fast the water flows through the plant b. the tendency of water to move from one place to another c. the amount of water in the soil d. relative humidity |
b. the tendency of water to move from one place to another
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cells that conduct sugar from leaves to the roots are called
a. phloem b. parenchyma c. schlerenchyma d. meristematic e. xylem |
a. phloem
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______ cells are responsibel for moving the aqueous sugar from sources, such as leaves, to sinks, such as roots
a. tracheids b. vessel elements c. sieve tube members d. root hairs e. trichomes |
c. seive tube members
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_____ is the current model of how water moves up the entire stem of a tree that is 150 ft tall
a. active transport b. pressure flow c. tension cohesion d. root pressure |
c. tension cohesion
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active transport involves slow movement through the lipid bilayer of a membrane
a. true b. false |
b. false
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active transport involves a specific transport protein in the membrane
a. true b. false |
a. true
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in the pressure flow hypothesis of translocation the pressure is caused by the osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at the source
a. true b. false |
a. true
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according to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, the combination of a high turgor pressure in the source and transpiration water loss from the sink moves solutes through phloem conduits
a. true b. false |
a. true
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phloem transport of sucrose can be described as going for source to sink. which of the following would not normally function as a sink
a. mature leaf b. shoot tip c. growing root d. storage organ in summer e. growing leaf |
e. growing leaf
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the water lost during transpiration is an unfortunate side effect of the plants exchange of gasses. however, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of
a. mineral transport b. evaporative cooling c. increased turgor d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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which of the following has the lowest water potential
a. leaf cell walls b. trunk xylem c. root xylem d. soil e. leaf air spaces |
e. leaf air spaces
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water potential is generally most negative in which of the folowing parts of a plant
a. cells of the root cortex b. mesophyll cells of the leaf c. xylem vessels in roots d. root hairs e. xylem vessels in leaves |
e. xylem vessels in leaves
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what is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells
a. acquire minerals from soil b. eliminate excess electrons c. pressurize xylem transport d. establish atp gradients |
a. acquire minerals from the soil
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xylem transports mainly sugars and amino acids
a. true b. false |
b. false
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no energy input from the plant is required for xylem transport.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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bulk flow depends on the force of gravity on a column of water.
a. true b. false |
b. false
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compared to a cell with few aqua porins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will
a. have a faster rate of osmosis b. be flaccid c. have a lower water potential d. have a higher water potential e. have a faster rate of active transport |
a. have a faster rate of osmosis
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when a seed rehydrates and absorbs water it is called
a. glycolysis b. imbibition c. activation d. spring |
b. imbibition
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a growth respons ethat is directed towards or away from something such as light or gravity is called _____
a. environmental growth b. tropism c. genetic growth d. perceptive growth e. meristematic growth |
b. tropism
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the acidification that loosens the cell wall in order for cell elongation to occur is stimulated by
a. auxin b. gibberelin c. cytokinin d. abscissic acid e. ethylene |
e. ethylene
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the steps between a plant's perception of a change in the environment and the plant's response to that change is best called
a. a mutation b. hormone reproduction c. pH change d. signal transduction |
d. signal transduction
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if you were shipping green bananas from the tropics to a supermarket in motown, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plant's enviro.
a. co2 b. cytokinins c. ethylene d. auxin |
c. ethylene
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what plant hormone has been shown to be involved in the rapid closing of stomata
a. auxin b. cytokinin c. ethylene d. abscisic acid e. gibberellin |
d. abscisic acid
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what substance is released fromt he seed embryo and initiates enzyme production in the aleurone layer
a. alpha amylase b. gibberellin c. water d. sugar e. starch |
b. gibberellin
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which plant hormone is most closely associated with cell division
a. ethylene b. cytokinin c. abscisic acid d. phytochrome e. brassinosteroids |
b. cytokinin
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auxin promotes stem growth and through cell division
a. true b. false |
a. false
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gibberellin stimulates seed germination
a. true b. false |
a. true
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cytokinin initiates cell division
a. true b. false |
a. true
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imbibition of a seed is
a. saturation with water b. the last step in germination c. the emerence of the seedling d. the metabolism of carbohydrates e. the production of proteins from sugars and nitrogens |
a. saturation with water
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in deciduous trees, such as oak, the are where the petiole will detach from the stem when the leaf senesces is called the
a. sheath b. apical meristem c. drop area d. abscission zone e. rake indicator |
d. abscission zone
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the primary hormone involved in phototropism is
a. auxin b. cytokin c. gibberellin d. abscissic acid e. ethylene |
a. auxin
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a plant hormone interacts with other hormones to promote or inhibit growth
a. true b. false |
a. true
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a plant hormone is required in large quantities to promote or inhibit growth
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
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a growth response that is directed towards or away from something such as light or gravity is called
a. environmental growth b. tropism c. genetic growth d. perceptive growth e. meristematic |
b. tropism
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the plant hormone that is implicated in tropic response to light and gravity is
a. auxin b. cytokinin c. gibberellin d. abscisic acid e. ethylene |
a. auxin
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the steps between a plant's perception of a change in the environment and the plant's response to that change is best called
a. a mutation b. hormone production c. pH change d. signal transduction |
d. signal transduction
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what is the function of calmodulin in a signal transduction pathway
a. to receive the stimulus and activate the second messenger in the transduction step b. to induce the selective activation of genes c. to be a membrane-bound hormone receptor that causes an influx of Ca2+ d. to form a complex with Ca2+ and activate specific molecules |
d. to form a complex with Ca2+ and activate specific molecules
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plants bend towards light because cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
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plant hormones function independently of other hormones
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
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inhibits growth and closes stomata during water stress
|
abscisic acid
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stimulates cell division by influencing the synthesis or activation of proteins req for mitosis
|
cytokinin
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promotes elongation by increasing the plasticity of the cell wall
|
auxin
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a gas that hastens fruit ripening
|
ethylene
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promotes internode elongation; promotes certain seed germination
|
gibberellin
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according to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin works by allowing the affected cell walls to strecth
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
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of effect of gibberellins is to stimulate cereal seeds to produce
a. RuBP carboxylase b. lipids c. abscisic acid d. starch e. amylase |
e. amylase
|
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chemicals produced by one group of cells that affect distant target cells are called
a. secretions b. hormones c. steroids d. enzymes |
b. hormones
|
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what molecule is thought to be the second messenger in the signal transduction or a hormone
a. Mg++ b. Mn+ c. NH3- d. Ca++ e. glucolse |
d. Ca++
|
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the target cells for hormones
a. have special receptor sites b. are located in roots c. are no different from any other cells d. are located in the interior of the plant e. all of these |
e. all of these
|
|
hormones produced by a particular species only affect that species
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
|
the plant hormone thought to be involved with responed to gravity and light is
a. abscisic acid b. auxin c. gibberellin d. ethylene e. none |
b. auxin
|
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the plant hormone that promotes cell division
a. auxin b. gibberellin c. cytokinin d. florigen e. ethylene |
c. cytokinin
|
|
the plant hormone that promotes dormancy in plants and seeds is
a. abscisic acid b. auxin c. gibberellin d. ethylene |
a. abscisic acid
|
|
in contrast to most other plant hormones, which hormone has most inhibitory effects
a. auxin b. gibberellin c. cytokinin d. abscisic acid e. ethylene |
d. abscisic acid
|
|
that plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening is
a. auxin b. gibberelin c. cytokinin d. florigen e. ethylene |
e. ethylene
|
|
synthetic auxins are used as
a. pesticides b. herbicides c. fungicides d. insecticides |
b. herbicides
|
|
2,4-D, a potent dicot weed killer, is a sythetic auxin
a. auxin b. gibberellin c. cytokinin d. phytochrome |
a. auxin
|
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hormones most closely associated with cell division
|
cytokinins
|
|
hormones involved in stem elongation and closely related chemically to certain weed killers
|
auxin
|
|
this hormone controls the rate or transpiration
|
abscisic acid
|
|
this hormone promotes bud and seed dormancy
|
ethylene
|
|
which effect below is not caused by auxin
a. herbicide b. promotes cell division c. promotes cell elongation d. functions in tropism e. indoleactetic acid |
b. promotes cell division
|
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which of the following is not a function of abscisic acid
a. may be involved in the dropping of fruits and leaves b. promotes stomata closure c. promotes seed dormancy d. comfers resistance to water stress e. stimulates cell elongation |
e. stimulates cell elongation
|
|
most of the dry weight of a plant is the result of uptake of
a. water and minerals through mycorrhizae b. co2 through stomata in leaves c. co2 and o2 through stomata in leaves d. water and minerals through root hairs e. a and b |
e. a and b
|
|
organic molecules make up what percentage of dry weight of a plant
a. 6% b. 67% c. 81% d. 96% |
d. 96%
|
|
which of the following essential nutrients does not have a role in photosynthesis, either as a structural componenet or in the synthesis of a component
a. K b. Mg c. Bo d. H e. Fe |
a. K
|
|
which two elements make up more than ninety percent of the dry weight of plants
a. oxygen and hydrogen b. carbon and nitrogen c. nitrogen and oxygen d. cabron and potassium e. oxygen and carbon |
e. oxygen and carbon
|
|
the bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from
a. the hyrdrogen from water b. the uptake of organic nutrients from soil c. co2 d. soil minerals e. oxygen from water |
b. the uptake of organic nutrients from soil
|
|
sulfur is a component of DNA and activates some enzymes
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
|
nitrogen is a component of neucleic acids, proteins, hormones and enzymes
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
|
magnesium is a component of chlorophyll and activates many enzymes
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
|
which of the following best describes the general role of micronutrients in plants
a. they are cofactors in enzymatic reactions b. they are primarily involved in controlling cell water potential c. they are components of nucleic acids d. they are necessary for the formation of cell walls |
a. they are cofactors in enzymatic reactions
|
|
chlorosis is the yellowing of leaves due to decreased chlorophyll production
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
|
numbers such as 10-10-10 on a package of fertilizer refer to the percentages of three important mineral nutrients
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
|
nitrogen fixation is a process taht
a. releases nitrate from the rock substrate b. recycles nitrogen compounds from dead and decaying materials c. coverts ammonia to nitrate d. converts nitrogen gas into ammonia |
d. coverts nitrogen gas into ammonia
|
|
most crop plants acquire their nitrogen mainly in the form of
a. no3 b. n2 c. amino acids absorbed from soil d. nh3 |
a. no3
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the enzyme complex nitrogenase catalyzes the reaction that reduces atmospheric nitrogen to
a. no2 b. no3 c. nh3 d. n2 e. no- |
c. nh3
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among important crop plants, nitrogen-fixing root nodules are most commonly an attribute of
a. legumes b. members of the potatoe family c. cabbage and other members of the brassica family d. corn |
a. legumes
|
|
the function of a root nodules leghemoglobin is to form a mutualistic relationship with insects
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
|
the function of a root nodules leghemoglobin is to supply the legume with fixed nitrogen
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
|
the function of a root nodules leghemoglobin is to regulate the supply of oxygen to Rhizobium
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
|
what is the mutualistic association between roots and fungi called
a. mycorrhizae b. root hair enhancement c. rhizobium infection d. parasitism e. nitrogen fixation |
a. mycorrhizae
|
|
mycorrhizal hyphae form a covering over roots creating a large surface area that aids in absorbing minerals and ions
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
|
ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root cells whereas endomycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root cell membranes
a. true b. false |
a. true
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the enzyme nitrogenase is inhibited by oxygen. which one of the following adaptations has evolved in response to this inhibition
a. leghemoglobin b. root nodules c. water ferns d. carbohydrate transfer from roots e. bacteroids |
a. leghemoglobin
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a symbiosis between plants and bacteria forms _____ and makes ____ readily available to plants
a. roots, nutrients b. nodules, phosphorous c. nodules, nitrogen d. nodules, water |
b. nodules, phosphorous
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all of the following are acquired through the roots except
a. carbon b. hydrogen c. nitrogen d. potassium |
a. carbon
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the element that is usually the most limiting for plant growth is
a. phosphorous b. potassium c. nitrogen d. water |
c. nitrogen
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which of the following is the major role of potassium in plants
a. osmotic regulation b. photosynthesis c. atp synthesis d. reproduction e. lipid metabolism |
a. osmotic regulation
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which of the following molecules contain a phoshpate group
a. phospholipids b. RNA c. DNA d. ATP e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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if a mineral deficiency is shown by chlorosis in the younger leaves of a plant, the deficient element is probably
a. mobile b. immobile c. a macronutrient d. a micronutrient |
b. immobile
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NH3 does not accumulate in cells because it
a. is not found in nature b. it destroys membrane potentials c. N is not required by plants d. NH3 kills helpful bacteria as well as pathogenic bacteria e. none of the above |
b. it destroys membrane potential
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the primary method that N2 gas is fixed into a form that can be used by plants is by
a. microorganisms b. lightening and volcanoes c. man d. all of the above |
a. microorganism
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a fungal symbiosis with plnats helpt the plant gain mineral nutrients. the primary nutrient absorbed nutrient is
a. calcium b. magnesium c. carbon d. phosphorous e. iron |
d. phosphorous
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organisms that can exist with light as an energy source and an inorganic form of carbon and other raw materials
a. do not exist in nature b. are best classified as decomposers c. are called heterotrophs d. are called autotrophs |
d. autotrophs
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which organelles is found in plant cells but not in animal cells
a. nucleus b. endoplasmic reticulum c. mitochondrion d. golgi apparatus e. plastid |
e. plastid
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the polymer containing about 3000 units of glucose called cellulose is
a. the storage form of carbon b. the form of carbon that is transported from one organ to another c. a component of cell was d. the initial substrate in cellular respiration |
c. a component of cell wass
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the golgi apparatus is the site of protein synthesis
a. true b. false |
b. false
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which organelle takes up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide
a. chloroplasts b. ribosomes c. nuclei d. mitochondria e. golgi apparatus |
d. mitochondria
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large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells taht specialize in producing which of the following molecules
a. lipids b. starches c. proteins d. steroids e. glucose |
c. proteins
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of the following waht do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common
a. ATP is produced b. DNA is present c. ribosomes are present d. only b and c e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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which of the following is capable of converting light energy to chemical energy
a. chloroplasts b. mitochondria c. leucoplasts d. peroxisomes e. golgi bodies |
a. chloroplasts
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chloroplasts are the chief site of cellular respiration
a. true b. false |
b. false
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ribosomes are the site of cellular respiration
a. true b. false |
a. true
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what structure is often deposited in several laminated layers and has a strong and durable matrix that affords the cells protection and support
a. primary cell wall b. secondary cell wall c. middle lamella d. epidermis |
b. secondary cell wall
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which of the following is involved in protein synthesis
a. rough endoplasmic reticulum b. smooth er c. lysosome d. central vacuole |
a. rough er
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the plasma membrane is composed primarily of what amphipathic molecules
a. phospholipids b. polysaccharideds c. proteins d. cholesterol |
a. phospholipids
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which of the following structures aid in maintaining plant turgor pressure
a. chloroplast b. ribosome c. lysosome d. vacuole e. golgi apparatus |
d. vacuole
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which of the following class of compounds contain cyclic carbon rings that contain at least one nitrogen atom and are used by the plant as herbivory deterrents
a. proteins b. chlorophyll c. alkaloids d. acetylsalicyclic acid |
c. alkaloids
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mosses differ from ferns in that
a. mosses are photosynthetic organisms b. ferns produce seeds c. mosses are nonvascular d. mosses are heterotrophic e. ferns are photosynthetic organisms |
c. mosses are nonvascular
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an evolutionary adaptation that helps prairie plants respond to fire and herbivory is
a. closing of stomata b. lateral buds c. apical dominance d. absence of petioles e. intercalary meristems |
e. intercalary meristems
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put in sequential order from growing tips to the root upward
1. root cap 2. zone of elongation 3. zone of cell division 4. zone of cell maturation 5. apical meristem |
1
5 3 2 4 |
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vascular tissue of plants includes all of the following cell types except
a. vessel elements b. sieve cells c. tracheids d. companion cells e. cortex cells |
e. cortex cells
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which functional plant lacks a nucleus
a. xylem b. sieve tube cells c. companion d. c and a e. c and b |
b. sieve-tube cells
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long thin tapered cells with lignified cell walls that function in support and permit water flow through pits
|
tracheids
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living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes and transport sucrose and other organic nutrients
|
sieve-tube cells
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the least specialized plant cells
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parenchyma
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cells with unevenly thinckened primary walls that support young parts of the plant
|
collenchyma
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mature cells without protoplasts but with thick lignified secondary walls that may form fibers
|
sclerenchyma
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which of the following is not ap characteristic of parenchyma
a. thin primary walls b. flexible primary walls c. lack of specialization d. lack of secondayr walls e. little metabolism and synthesis |
e. little metabolism and synthesis
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collenchyuma are nonliving cells that give rigid support
a. true b. false |
b. false
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sclerenchyma have very thick cell walls
a. true b. false |
a. true
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the fiber cells of plants are a type of
a. parenchyma b. sclerenchyma c. collenchyma d. meristematic e. xylem |
b. sclerenchyma
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the best word to describe the growth of plants in general is
a. perennial b. weedy c. indeterminate d. derivative |
c. indeterminate
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the vascular bundle in the shape of a singel central cylinder in a root is called the
a. cortex b. stele c. endodermis d. periderm |
b. stele
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pericycle is a waterproof ring of cells surrounding central stele in roots
a. true b. false |
b. false
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the photosynthetic cellsi nthe interior of a leaf are
a. parenchyma b. collenchyma c. sclerenchyma d. phloem |
a. parenchyma
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endodermis is a protective covering of the plant
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
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what tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree
a. primary xylem b. secondary xylem c. secondary phloem d. mesophyll cells |
b. secondary xylem
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additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells
a. vascular cambium b. apical meristem c. endodermis d. phloem e. xylem |
a. vascular cambium
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the area of a plant that is continually embryonic and produces primary growth of the shoot and the root is called
a. apical meristem b. lateral meristem c. vascular cambium d. intercallary meristem e. annual meristem |
a. apical meristem
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______ cells are responsible for moving the aqueous sugar from sources, such as leaves, to sinks, such as roots
a. tracheids b. vessel elements c. sieve tube members d. root hairs e. trichomes |
c. sieve tube members
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the type of meristem from which cells divide and makes a tree trunk get bigger around is the the
a. apical meristem b. vascular cambium c. intercallary meristem d. none of the above |
d. none of the above
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mesophyll cells are cells that function to
a. regulate the movement of nutrient from outside the root to the vascular bundle b. conduct photosynthesis c. store sugar in the root cortex d. move sugar from leaves to the roots e. move water through the stem |
b. conduct photosynthesis
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the cell type that is initially made by a meristem is
a. parenchyma b. collenchyma c. schlerenchyma d. xylem e. phloem |
a. parenchyma
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sapwood is
a. nonfunctional xylem b. functional xylem c. functional phloem d. nonfunctional phloem |
b. functional xylem
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|
at maturity, these dead cells provide rigid support by having very thick cell walls
a. parenchyma b. collenchyma c. sclerenchyma d. fibers e. tracheids |
c. sclerenchyma
|
|
indeterminate growth of plants refers to
a. the growth of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits b. the ability of plants to grow indefinately c. the ability of plants to produce many individuals from seed d. alternation of generations |
b. the ability of plants to grow indefinitely
|
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cells that conduct sugar from leaves to the roots are called
a. phloem b. xylem c. parenchyma d. sclerenchyma |
a. phloem
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differentiation of cells is the process fo making cells with similar genetic content into
a. cells with different functions b. cells with different cell walls c. tissues d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
|
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water travels through the _____ of the root until it reaches the _____ where it must travel through the ______
a. root hairs, stele, xylem b. root hairs, pericycle, xylem c. symplast, endodermis, apoplast d. apoplast, endodermis, symplast |
d. apoplast, endodermis, symplast
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lateral meristem adds ______ to a plant, while apical meristem adds _____ to the plant
a. length, girth b. girth, length c. cells, intercellular spaces d. cells, tissue differentiation |
b. girth, length
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growth rings are formed because larger xylem cells are formed in the ______ and smaller xylem cells are formed in the _____
a. summer, winter b. spring, summer c. summer, spring d. winter, spring |
b. spring, summer
|
|
the embryonic tissue that produce secondary growth of a plant is called
a. apical meristem b. lateral meristem c. endodermis d. cork |
b. lateral meristems
|
|
cells that are responsible for moving water and minerals from roots to the leaves
a. tracheids b. sieve tubes c. endodermis d. cortex e. companion cells |
a. tracheids
|
|
most of the plant body is composed of
a. dermal tissue b. root tissue c. ground tissue d. vascular tissue |
c. ground tissue
|
|
the tissues of the root and shoot system are classified as
a. ground tissue b. dermal tissue c. vascular tissue d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
|
|
perpetually young tissues where cells retain the ability to divide are
a. vascular b. meristematic c. protective d. photosythetic |
b. meristematic
|
|
the division of the lateral meristem
a. results in the production of primary tissue b. causes an increase in the length of roots c. produces floral tissue d. gives rise to the epidermis e. increases the diameter of roots and stems |
e. increases the diameter of roots and stems
|
|
growth designed as primary
a. occurs along the sides of stems b. is dependent upon apical meristems c. increases the diameter of older plants d. is responsible for additions to woody plants |
b. is dependent upon apical meristem
|
|
parenchyma are specialized for secretion
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
|
cells that are the main water-conducting cells of a plant are
a. sclereids b. tracheids c. sieve tubes d. parenchyma |
b. tracheids
|
|
the cells that function with the sieve tubes are the
a. vessels b. companion cells c. adjunct cells d. sclereids e. periderm |
b. companion cells
|
|
sieve tube members are alive at maturity
a. true b. false |
a. true
|
|
air and water vapor cross the epidermis via
a. pits b. perforations c. osmosis d. stomata |
a. pits
|
|
put the following in order
1. phloem 2. pith 3. outermost cortex 4. xylem |
3
1 4 2 |
|
the main photosynthetic area of a leaf is composed of
a. mesophyll b. cortex c. xylem d. epidermis |
a. mesophyll
|
|
the veins of leaves are used for
a. support b. identification c. transport of water and nutrients d. detachment in the autumn |
c. transport of water and nutrients
|
|
mitosis takes place in whcih region of the root
a. zone of maturation b. root cap c. zone of elongation d. meristem region e. region of differentation |
d. meristem region
|
|
lateral meristems
a. are groups of dividing cells b. are responsible for increases int he width of a stem or root c. are called cambium d. produce secondary growth only e. all of these |
e. all of these
|
|
secondary xylem is formed in association with the
a. pith b. inner face of vascular cambium c. outer face of vascular cambium d. inner face of cork cambium |
b. inner face of vascular cambium
|
|
xylem is a type of ground tissue that conducts dissolved food
a. true b. false |
b. false
|
|
what system is commonly involved in the integration of rapid sensory input and motor output
a. neuroendocrine system b. nervous system c. endocrine system |
c. endocrine system
|
|
which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland
a. TSH b. thyroxine c. calcitonin d. b and c |
d. b and c
|
|
which hormone is not involved in glucose metablolism
a. insulin b. glucagon c. epinephrine d. adosterone |
c. epinephrine
|