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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adult echinoderms that have radial symmetry lack ________.
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a head
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Chordates, including humans, all have four common evolutionary characteristics-a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post-anal tail. However, when you look at humans you only see the nerve cord. How can this be explained?
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Evolutionary relationships are often seen clearly only during the early stages of embryonic development.
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The notochord is a flexible rod along the entire length of the body. Muscles attach to it and it also provides support for the animal. In some chordates, such as the hagfish, but not humans, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body. Because its function is important, why doesn't it persist in humans?
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As embryonic development continues, the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column, which also provides support and attachment sites for muscles.
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Often pharyngeal gill slits (located in the pharynx) do not form gills but rather disappear during the early stages of embryonic development. What is the best explanation for their appearance in the first place?
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These slits are found in the embryos of all vertebrates because they share the fish as a common ancestor in which these structures first evolved.
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The discovery of a coelacanth in South Africa in 1938 was surprising to biologists because:
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it was thought to be extinct.
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All chordates have:
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a post-anal tail.
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Animals that have a ventral nerve cord during embryonic development are classified as chordates. True or False?
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false
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During embryonic development, the tail in mammals extends past the anus. True or False?
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True
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How does the nerve cord of chordates differ from the nerve chord of other animals?
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It runs along the dorsal side of the body.
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The notochord persists into adulthood in all chordates. True or False?
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false
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In all chordates, the notochord:
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appears at least during early stages of development.
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Which of the following has a ventral nerve cord?
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earthworm
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Which of the following is one of the three chordate clades?
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lancets
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How is the tunicate clade best described?
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It is a large group of small marine invertebrate chordates with lengths ranging from a few millimeters to 1 foot. The group includes vaselike animals known as sea squirts.
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he 5-week-old human embryo has external gill slits (grooves). They do not develop into gills, so what happens to them?
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The gill grooves contribute to the development of the lower jaw.
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Which of the following evolved first to allow animals to move into terrestrial environments?
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lungs
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Which groups of craniates use lungs for respiration?
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reptiles and mammals
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Craniates have skulls made of either bone or cartilage. True or False?
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True
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________ have a dorsal nerve cord.
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sharks
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Which of the following features is absent in lancelets?
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backbone
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Lancelets live in:
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sea
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Which of the following BEST describes which chordate characteristic(s) lancelets retain as adults?
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notochord, dorsal nerve cord, post-anal tail, and pharyngeal gill slits
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A tunicate is a(n):
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invertebrate chordate.
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The great size and mobility of the vertebrates are associated with
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lightweight endoskeletons.
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What characteristic of hagfishes differentiates them from lancelets and tunicates?
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skull surrounding the brain
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In vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by:
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backbone
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What is the function of the vertebral column?
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protect the nerve chord
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The earliest vertebrates lacked:
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jaws.
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What is the advantage of paired appendages?
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mobility
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What vertebrate group has parasitic members that use a tooth-lined mouth to attach to a larger fish and suck blood and body fluids?
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lamprey
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Which group would you say is by far the most diverse and abundant vertebrates on Earth?
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ray-finned fish
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An important adaptation related to reproduction and first seen in reptiles is _____.
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internal fertilization
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What is a good definition of a frog?
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smooth, moist skin, lives in or near water, and has long hind limbs suitable for leaping
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Why do frogs have longer hind limbs than toads?
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Longer legs are needed for leaping, a characteristic of frogs
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Some toads and frogs produce tadpoles, a larval development stage. How do tadpoles get oxygen from their aquatic environment?
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external gills
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Salamanders have the unusual property of lost limb regeneration. Why is this characteristic of special interest?
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By studying salamanders it might be possible to find treatments for humans for repair or regeneration of damaged tissue or organs.
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The reptiles, which include lizards, snakes, alligators, crocodiles, turtles, and birds, evolved from the _____.
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amphibians
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Which of the following is a reason evolving reptiles were able to become independent of an aquatic environment?
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They evolved a tough, scaly skin that resists water loss.
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Mammals exhibit internal fertilization. What other chordate has this characteristic?
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reptiles
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It appears that the ancestors of snakes had limbs. What evidence could support this hypothesis?
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finding remnants of limb bones is today's snake species
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Snakes are predatory carnivores and often find themselves with a meal that is bigger than their own head, making a meal difficult to ingest. How has evolution taken care of this problem?
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The snake's jaw can distend to allow prey much larger than the snake's head to be swallowed.
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Which of the reptiles provides significant parental care for offspring?
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crocodilians
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Which is a definition of a feather?
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a highly specialized version of reptilian body scales
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Birds and mammals have a physiological characteristic in common. What is it?
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the ability to maintain an internal body temperature
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What distinguishes the mammals from all other vertebrates?
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sweat, scent, and sebaceous glands
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of marsupials?
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Embryos develop in the uterus for only a short time.
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On a remote island, a new animal is found. It has a four-chambered heart and lungs and is endothermic. It has internal fertilization, lays shelled eggs, and nurses its young after they hatch. This animal is most likely a(n):
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monotreme
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The amnion creates an aquatic environment for developing embryos. True or False?
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True
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Parasitic lampreys have:
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sucker-like mouths lined with teeth
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All female mammals produce milk to feed their young. True or False?
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True
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Marsupials are egg-laying mammals. True or False?
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false
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Cartilaginous fishes differ from lampreys because they:
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have jaws
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The skeletons of rays and skates are made of:
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cartilage
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Most ________ have swim bladders.
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ray-finned fishes
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Adult echinoderms that have radial symmetry lack ________.
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a head
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Which of these trends has occurred in the course of animal evolution?
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increasing cellular specialization
cephalization |
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How many tissue layers are in the embryo of a coral (a cnidarian)?
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2
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Between the organs and the body wall, complex animals have a body cavity called a
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coelom
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Which of the following animals uses a radula to scrape food into its mouth?
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snail
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A cnidarian that produces a calcium carbonate protective "house" is a(n)
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coral
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Ecdysozoans
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. periodically shed their outer body covering.
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A hemocoel or blood cavity is found in or associated with ________.
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open circ. system
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Chordates and echinoderms are both protostomes. True or False?
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false
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You are in charge of a team of systematists whose job it is to classify a newly discovered animal species. Your initial studies reveal that your specimen has tissues, organs, and a coelom, has no head or segmentation, and has radial symmetry. To what phylum does this animal belong?
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Echinodermata
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The ________, unique to the cephalopod class of mollusks, supports their active lifestyle.
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closed circ. system
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The Trichinella worm, which causes trichinosis, is a(n) ________.
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nematode
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The tube feet of echinoderms that are used for walking, prey capture, and gas exchange are "inflated" by the ________ unique to the echinoderms.
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water vascular system
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An Earthworm is a member of which phylum?
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annelida
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An oyster is a member of which phylum?
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Mollusca
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An animal like a grasshopper can conserve water because it has an elaborately branching system of tubes within its body used for gas exchange. These tubes are called
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trachae
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Which of the following supports the ability of various arthropods to fly, swim, or run vigorously?
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book lungs
gills a complex nervous system tracheae |
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A clam is a(n)
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mollusk.
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A sea cucumber is a(n)
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echinoderm
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A crayfish is a member of which phylum?
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arthropoda
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Giant squid belong to which group?
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mollusks
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Members of which phylum are characterized by having tube feet?
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echinodermata
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Parasitic tapeworms, which may infect humans who eat undercooked meat, are members of the phylum
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flatworms
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The water-vascular system of echinoderms is used for
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transport of blood.
locomotion and respiration. |
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Which class is not in phylum Arthropoda?
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gastropoda
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How many tissue layers are in arthropod embryos?
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3
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Segmentation is important in the evolution of animals because
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. it allows for specialization of function.
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A jointed exoskeleton is a characteristic of
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insects
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The members of which taxonomic group are best described as having a large, well-developed brain, excellent vision, and are marine carnivorous predators?
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cephlopods
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How many tissue layers are in the embryos of sponges?
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0
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Of all of the invertebrate phyla, only members of this phylum can fly.
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arthropoda
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The maggots used by doctors to remove dead tissue in healing wounds are members of the phylum
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Arthropoda.
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Which of the following animals are arachnids?
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scorpions
spiders |
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The leeches used by doctors to prevent blood clotting and stimulate blood vessel growth in patients recovering from reconstructive surgery are members of the phylum
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annelida
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Which of the following terms is BEST associated with cephalization?
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anterior and posterior
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All animals with tissues
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have symm. bodies
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Charles Darwin once wrote that members of this phylum are particularly important for agriculture because they mix and aerate soil.
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annelida
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A sea urchin is a member of which phylum?
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echinodermata
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Animals with an anterior end
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cephalized
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A snail is a(n)
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mollusk.
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The high body temperature of birds and mammals is due to _____.
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heat generated by a high metabolism
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Phylum Chordata does not include _____.
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squids
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The great size and mobility of the vertebrates is associated with _____.
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lightweight endoskeletons
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Cartilaginous fish are characterized by _____.
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a skeleton formed entirely of cartilage
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The invertebrate chordates differ from vertebrate chordates due to the lack of _____.
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backbone
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Which of the following has a ventral nerve cord?
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earthworm
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Reptiles are well adapted to living in drier habitats because of their _____.
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production of a shelled amniotic egg
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Reptiles are better adapted to land dwelling than amphibians because of their _____
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well-developed lungs
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These organisms used to be in class Aves, but they are now placed within the class Reptilia.
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birds
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Which of the following characteristics are shared by both arthropods and mammals?
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a well-developed nervous system
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An animal's ability to live successfully on land is increased by _____
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development in a shelled egg
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Class Chondrichthyes includes _____.
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sharks
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Species of which of the following animal phyla are deuterostomes?
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both Chordata and Echinodermata
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What defines a mammal, or distinguishes it from other vertebrates?
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milk-producing glands
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All chordates share which of the following characteristics?
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A. bilateral symmetry
B. a fully lined body cavity C. a dorsal, hollow nerve cord D. pharyngeal gill slits |
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Pick the chordate characteristic from the following list.
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post-anal tail
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All members of the phylum Chordata, whether human or lancelet, share certain key features. Which of the following traits is not characteristic of all chordates?
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bony endoskel
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In addition to the four characteristics that distinguish chordates from other phyla, chordates also have _____.
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coelom
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The only chordate feature present in adult humans is the _____.
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dorsal nerve chord
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Why do most of the flowers in a temperate deciduous forest bloom in the spring?
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The deciduous tree leaves do not block the light then.
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Which biome is rapidly expanding into Sub-Saharan Africa?
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desert
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The tropics occur very near the equator because
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water condenses as rain from warm air as air rises from the equator.
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Which biome is a "freezing desert"?
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tundra
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tropical rain forests?
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fertile soil
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Which biome is characterized by widely spaced trees surrounded by grasses?
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savanna
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Which biome is currently being destroyed at the fastest rate?
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rain forest
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The greatest diversity of plants and animals is found in
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tropical rain forests.
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Which biome probably contains the largest number and most diverse group of large mammals
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savanna
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Which biome is characterized by stratification of tree layers?
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rain forest
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The vast treeless region near the Arctic Ocean is the
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tundra
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The Galapagos Islands, visited by Darwin, are located where?
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off the west coast of South America
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Natural selection can only act upon a certain trait if the trait is
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heritable
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Inheritable mutations in the genes of an individual arise due to
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rando chance
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Natural selection is BEST described as
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working on existing variation of traits to favor those better suited to the organism's environment.
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Which of the following are vestigial structures?
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pelvic bones of whales
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Charles Darwin believed that artificial selection was
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similar in many ways to natural selection.
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The theory of natural selection states that
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the most well-adapted individuals in their environments survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation.
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Evolution by natural selection is
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process that occurs as a result of differences in fitness.
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The gene pool for a particular gene is made up of
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all the alleles for a certain trait that occur in the population.
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Natural selection acts on ________ to affect the evolution of ________.
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phenotypes; populations
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Which of the following is NOT capable of evolving?
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bio prof.
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