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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are prokaryotes?
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unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.
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What are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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prokaryotes only include bacteria, are less complex, have no organelles except for ribosomes, have 1 circular chromosome, are single celled, and reproduce asexually
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What are the two types of prolaryotes?
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eubacteria
archaebacteria |
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What is a peptidoglycan?
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a carbohydrate inside the cell wall
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What are projectors of the cell wall that are used to stick to things?
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pili
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What is significant about the DNA sequence of key archabacterial genes?
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they are like the DNA of eukaryotes
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What are methanogens, and where do they live?
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prokaryotes that produce methane gas; in oxygen-free environments
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What are the four characteristics used to identify prokaryotes?
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characteristics, chemical nature of cell walls, movement, and the way they obtain energy
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Rod shaped prokaryotes are called _________.
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bacilli
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Spherical shaped prokaryotes are called ___________.
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cocci
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The corckscrew shaped prokaryotes are called ____________.
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spirilla
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A method of telling two different types of eubacteria apart by using dyes is called __________.
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Gram straining
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What are flagella?
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whiplike structures used for movement
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An organism that carries out photosynthesis in a manner similar to that of plants is called_____________.
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photoautotroph
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An organism that makes organic compounds from carbon dioxide without the presence of sunlight is called ___________.
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chemoautotroph
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An organism that takes in organic molecules and then breaks them down is called ____________.
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chemoheterotroph
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An organism that uses sunlight for energy and gets carbon dioxide from some other source is called ____________.
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photoheterotroph
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Organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen are called ____________.
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obligate aerobes
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Organisms that must live in the absence of oxygen are called _______________.
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obligate anaerobes
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Organisms that live with/without oxygen are called ______________.
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faculative anaerobes
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Faculative anaerobes can switch between cellular respiration and ____________.
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fermentation
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What occurs during binary fission?
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replicated DNA divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells
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What occurs during conjugation?
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a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells
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What is an endospore?
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formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall enclosing its DNA and part of its cytoplasm.
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What are viruses?
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particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids.
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What do all viruses have in common?
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they produce more virus.
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A virus's protein coat is called a ___________.
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capsid
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HIV is part of the __________ cycle, AIDS, however, is part of the ______________.
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lysogenic
lytic |
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Which cycle is shorter, immediately destorys the host cell, and takes over the host cell?
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lytic
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Which cycle is longer, breaks the cell over time, and is also known as the Trojan Horse virus?
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lysogenic
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What is a prophage?
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the viral DNA embedded in the host's DNA.
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What are retroviruses?
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viruses that contain RNA as their genetic information and use "reverse transcription"
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What are pathogens?
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disease-causing agents
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What are the two general ways that bacteria cause disease?
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1. damage cells and tissues
2. release toxins |
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What are antibiotics?
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compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
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What are the three ways that a person can protect themselves from bacterial infection?
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1. sterilization
2. food processing 3. disinfectant |
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Cancer causing viruses are known as ___________.
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oncongenic
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What are viroids?
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single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsid; contain infectious nucleic acid
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A disease causing particle that contains only protein and not DNA or RNA is called a(n) _______________.
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prions
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