Biology - Exam 4

Front 1

Why was the idea that fiossils were the remnants of ancient forms of life developed?

Back 1

1. fossils were found throughout the world
2. fossils resembled living organisms
3.unique fossils were found in specific layers of stratified rocks
4. fossils could be used to study past geologic events

Front 2

Does macroevolution refer to changes in species?

Back 2

no

Front 3

Would you expect to find a shelled arthropod such as a trilobite preserved as a fossil?

Back 3

yes

Front 4

Would a bed of a former shallow sea be a habitat that you would be likely to find fossils in?

Back 4

yes

Front 5

What is the convergence in external morphology of sharks, penguins, and porpoises attributed to?

Back 5

selection pressures that are common to these groups

Front 6

Sharks, penguins and porpoises serve as examples of what kind of convergence?

Back 6

morphological

Front 7

Would early reptiles be considered more or less primitive than bats, porpoises, penguins, and birds?

Back 7

more primitive, based upon the structure of their limbs

Front 8

the bones in the forelimbs of a mammal can often be traced to what?

Back 8

a common ancestor

Front 9

are the wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly analogous to each other? homologous?

Back 9

analyogous but not homologous

Front 10

How did the variation in the forms of adult vertebrates arise?

Back 10

probably through mutations in regulatory genes

Front 11

what is the most conclusive evidence used in establishing the relationship of closely related species?

Back 11

nucleic acid and hybridization

Front 12

according to astronomers is the universe expanding?

Back 12

yes

Front 13

the "big bang" refers to what?

Back 13

an event marking the beginning of the universe

Front 14

how old is the solar system?

Back 14

about 4.6 - 5 billion years old

Front 15

fossil evidence of the earliest living organisms dates back how far?

Back 15

3.8 billion years

Front 16

How long ago did life on earth begin?

Back 16

3,800,000,000 years ago...?

Front 17

Did the primitive earth's atmosphere contain free oxygen?

Back 17

no

Front 18

would the organic compounds essential for life, such as amino acids and nucleotides be able to assemble spontaneously in the presence of free oxygen?

Back 18

it is doubtful

Front 19

how is the earth able to maintain water in a liquid state on its surface?

Back 19

by virtue of the distance of the earth from the sun and the size of the earth

Front 20

how did the early atmosphere of the earth originate?

Back 20

when gases from beneath te slowly solidifying crust were vented by vulcanism

Front 21

Experiments by who demonstrated that many of the lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleotides required for life could form under abiotic conditions?

Back 21

by Stanley Miller in 1953

Front 22

were carbon dioxide and oxygen included in miller's reaction chamber, which contained substances intended to duplicate the atmosphere of ancient earth?

Back 22

no

Front 23

clay crystals were thought to be the primitive template used for what?

Back 23

protein synthesis

Front 24

what is the basic unit of the nerbous system?

Back 24

the neuron

Front 25

which neurons have receptors for detection of stimull, relay information to the spinal cord, and are part of a reflex arc?

Back 25

sensory neurons

Front 26

state the sequence of the three types of neurons

Back 26

sensory neurons ---> interneurons ---> motor neurons

Front 27

what is the axon?

Back 27

the single long process that extends from a typical motor nerve

Front 28

what is the input zone of most neurons?

Back 28

usually the cell body or its dendrites, but not the axon or its terminals

Front 29

with a single neuron, what is the direction that an impulse follows?

Back 29

dendrite ---> cell body ---> axon

Front 30

what is a nerve impulse?

Back 30

a series of changes in membrane potentials

Front 31

what happens when a neuron is at rest?

Back 31

1. there is a voltage difference across the membrane of about 70 millivolts
2. the interior is negatively charged
3. it is not responding to a stimulus
4. the fluid outside the membrane has more sodium and less potassium than the cytoplasm

Front 32

at rest, a nerve cell has a high concentration of what inside and a high concentration of what outside?

Back 32

potassium inside and sodium outside

Front 33

depolarization-repolarization describes what?

Back 33

what happens to a neuron as an impulse passes along it

Front 34

what is the term that most accurately describes the cellular activity associated with the actual passage of a nerve impulse?

Back 34

a wave of depolarization

Front 35

what is a chemical synapse?

Back 35

a junction between two neurons

Front 36

transmitter substance bridges the gap between what?

Back 36

a neuron sending a message and the neuron receiving it

Front 37

which kind of substances include acetylcholine, change the permiability of postsynaptic cells, may be excitatory or stimulatory, and may participate in synaptic integration?

Back 37

transmitter substances

Front 38

what is the definition of a "nerve"

Back 38

a bundle of axons

Front 39

what does the myelin sheath do?

Back 39

1. it is formed by the schwann cell
2. speeds up the transmission of impulses
3. does not surround all nerves
4. extends from node to node

Front 40

what is the simplest nerve pathway?

Back 40

the reflex arc

Front 41

what is described as an adaptation that enables humans to stand upright, activated by stretch-sensitive receptors inside the muscle spindles, a simple, stereotyped, and repeatable motor action, and elicited by a sensory stimulus?

Back 41

the stretch reflex

Front 42

what are the two major divisions of the vertebral nervous system?

Back 42

the central and peripheral nervous systems

Front 43

what are the two princpal divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Back 43

the somatic and autonomic systems

Front 44

the word hormone comes from the Greek word meaning what?

Back 44

set in motion

Front 45

target cells are equipped with what?

Back 45

specific receptor molecules and may occur in any part of the body

Front 46

what are pheromones primarily used for?

Back 46

arousing interest in a potential mate

Front 47

how are hormones distributed throughout the body?

Back 47

by the blood circulatory system

Front 48

what is the primary purpose of the endocrine system?

Back 48

to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

Front 49

the release of cyclic AMP as a second messenger is a response to what?

Back 49

peptide and glycoprotein hormones

Front 50

what is another name for the pituitary gland?

Back 50

the master gland

Front 51

what controls the pituitary gland?

Back 51

the hypothalamus

Front 52

give an example of an organ that is nervous in origin, structure, and function but secretes substances into the bloodstream

Back 52

the posterior pituitary

Front 53

what links the activities of the endocrine system and nervous system by neurohormones being secreted in response to the summation of neural messages that enter the hypothalamus?

Back 53

the hypothalamus and pituitary

Front 54

if you were cast upon a desert island with no water to drink, what in your bloodstream would rise in an effort to conserve water?

Back 54

antidiuretic hormone

Front 55

what hormone controls water balance, controls the concentration of urea in the urine, influences blood pressure, and changes the permeability of the urine-conducting tubules so that the interstitial fluid increases?

Back 55

the antidiuretic hormone

Front 56

where do the anterior pituitary secretions produce their effects?

Back 56

in the gonads, thyroid glands, adrenal glands, and mammary glands

Front 57

what is the most general (it may affect almost any cell in the body) pituitary hormone?

Back 57

somatotropin

Front 58

what does prolactin do?

Back 58

stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk

Front 59

what is the growth hormone?

Back 59

somatotropin

Front 60

what is the immediate stimulus for the release of milk from the female breast?

Back 60

the mechanical stimulation of the breast by sucking

Front 61

dwarfism may be due to reduced production of what?

Back 61

somatotropin

Front 62

what is the result of excessive secretion of somatotropin by adults?

Back 62

acromegaly

Front 63

what is the pineal gland associated with?

Back 63

biological clocks or biorhythms

Front 64

does asexual reproduction promote genetic variation in each successive generation?

Back 64

no

Front 65

what is the first stage in development?

Back 65

the zygote

Front 66

what happens to the zygote shortly after fertilization?

Back 66

successive cell divisions convert the zygote into a multicellular embryo during a process known as cleavage

Front 67

what is one of the last developmental events in tissue?

Back 67

specialization

Front 68

in humans, what events occur over the longest period of time?

Back 68

growth and tissue specialization

Front 69

in the human male how many sperm are produced by spermatogenesis and where does this occur?

Back 69

several hundred million sperm, occuring in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Front 70

is sperm stored in the seminal vesicles ("sperm vessels")? if not, then where?

Back 70

no, they are stored in the epididymis

Front 71

are the mammary glands included in the femail reproductive system?

Back 71

no

Front 72

what is the primary reproductive organ in the human female?

Back 72

the ovary

Front 73

what is an oviduct and what is its function?

Back 73

its the passageway that channels ova from the ovary into the uterus

Front 74

is the cervix part of the uterus?

Back 74

yes

Front 75

is the clitoris essential to the reproductive process?

Back 75

no

Front 76

is an orgasm necessary for ejaculation of semen?

Back 76

yes

Front 77

where does fertilization in mammals occur?

Back 77

in the oviduct

Front 78

what is the average number of sperm that are deposited in the vagina during an ejaculation?

Back 78

between 150 and 350 million

Front 79

is the embryo recognizable as a human?

Back 79

yes

Front 80

what is the embryo called by the eighth week of pregnancy?

Back 80

a fetus

Front 81

what are prolactin and oxytocin?

Back 81

the female hormones that participate in milk production for the newborn