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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most of the time the diapgragm is under ______ control by the brain, to keep us all breathing at all times. |
subconscious |
|
We can, however, exert ______ control over breathing to some extent. |
conscious |
|
We cannot hold our breath long enough to kill ourselves. Upon passing out, ______ functions return to normal |
automatic |
|
98.5% of oxygen is bound to ______ , the molecule that transports oxygen in red blood cells. |
hemoglobin |
|
Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin since oxygen doesn't dissolve well in ______ (blood is mostly water) |
water |
|
Each hemoglobin contains four atoms of ______ , each of which can bind one oxygen. |
iron |
|
The reason carbon monoxide is so deadly is that it binds much more ______ to hemoglobin than does oxygen. |
aggressively |
|
7% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood ______ and is exhaled in the lungs. |
plasma |
|
23% is bound to ______ and is exhaled in the lungs. |
hemoglobin |
|
Most carbon dioxide (70%) reacts with water to form ______ ions, travel through the blood, reform to carbon dioxide in the lungs and are exhaled. |
bicarbonate |
|
Clusters of nerve cells in the ______ of the brain stem control respiration, both breathing in and breathing out. |
medulla oblongata |
|
When medulla oblongata inspiratory nerve cells fire, impulse travel to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, expands the thorax and causing air to ______ in. |
rush |
|
When the expiratory nerve cells fire, the diaphragm relaxes, and air rushes ______ of the lungs. |
out |
|
______ in the medulla, aorta and carotid arteries, monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels as well as the pH (hydrogen ion levels) of the blood. |
Chemoreceptors |
|
______ concentrations of carbon dioxide and/or ______ levels of oxygen cause increased rate and/or depth of breathing. |
Increased, decreased |
|
If the blood pH declines due to increased levels of hydrogen ions, this also stimulates the respiratory system to breathe faster and deeper, which will eliminate carbon dioxide faster which will return the ______ of the blood to normal. |
pH |
|
(The abrupt increase in ventilation as exercise begins reflects the interaction of three neural factors:) The ______ stimulus from our conscious anticipation of exercise |
psychological |
|
(The abrupt increase in ventilation as exercise begins reflects the interaction of three neural factors:) The simultaneous activation of skeletal ______ and respiratory centers in the brain stem. |
muscles |
|
(The abrupt increase in ventilation as exercise begins reflects the interaction of three neural factors:) There are excitatory impulses that travel to ______ (motion sensors) in moving muscles, tendons and joints. |
proprioceptors |
|
Nutrients are substances obtained from the ______ that organisms need for growth and survival. |
environment |
|
There are 6 categories of nutrients: |
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water. |
|
A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree ______ . |
Centigrade |
|
Foods are measures in Calories (______ calories) |
1000 |
|
______ (sugars and starches) are used by the body for quick sources of energy. |
Carbohydrates |
|
______ (fats) are the most calorie-dense foods. The body stores excess calories as fat. |
Lipids |
|
______ are used to build muscle. |
Proteins |
|
______ are elements that the body cannot make, and therefore must be obtained from the diet. |
Minerals |
|
The ______ in hemoglobin and the ______ in thyroid hormones are two examples of essential nutrients |
iron, iodine |
|
______ are also essential nutrients that the body cannot make, or cannot make in high enough quantities, and must be obtained from the diet. |
Vitamins |
|
Vitamins are required for the proper functioning of ______ , which control many body functions. |
enzymes |
|
Humans are about ______ water, and cannot survive for very long without it. |
60% |
|
______ is the basic component of our body liquids, and all metabolic reactions occur in water solutions. |
Water |
|
______ is the taking in of food and liquid. |
Ingestion |
|
Digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth through the action of the enzyme ______ . |
amylase |
|
Each day, cells of thhe digestion system secrete about ______ liters of water, acid, buffers and ezymes into the digestive tract. |
7 |
|
Water, acid, buffers and ezymes are responsible for the ______ of our food. |
digestion |
|
Alternating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the ______ tract mixes food and chemicals and propels them through the system. |
digestive |
|
______ digestion begins in the mouth, where the teeth cut and grind food. |
Mechanical |
|
The stomach churns the food, mixing it with digestive ______ . |
chemicals |
|
Large molecules of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are broken down into smaller molecules that can be ______ . |
absorbed |
|
The products of digestion are absorbed into the ______ that line the small intestine. |
cells |
|
These molecules then pass into the blood and ______ to circulate to all body cells. |
lymph |
|
The mouth is also called the oral or ______ cavity |
buccal |
|
The ______ prevents food and liquid from entering the nose during swallowing. |
uvula |
|
The ______ glands produce saliva that moistens the mouth and begins carbohydrate digestion. |
salivary |
|
The ______ is an accessory digestive organ that contains the taste buds and aids in swallowing. |
tongue |
|
The ______ are accessory digestive organs located in the sockets in the jaws. |
teeth |
|
Humans have ______ sets of teeth |
two |
|
There are ______ primary (baby) teeth and up to ______ secondary teeth- 28 regular teeth and 4 wisdom teeth. |
20, 32 |
|
The ______ is a funnel-shaped structure that extends from the back of the nose to the esophagus. |
pharynx |
|
Muscular contractions of the pharynx help to move food into the ______ |
esophagus |
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The ______ is a muscular tube that extends from the back of the pharynx to the top of the stomach. |
esophagus |
|
Each end of the esophagus has a circular ______ muscle that opens and closes. |
sphincter |
|
If the lower ______ that leads to the stomach does not close properly, the stomach acid can back up into the esophagus. |
sphincter |
|
Stomach acid backup is called ______ (heartburn). |
acid reflux |
|
Acid reflux can damage the esophagus or cause ______ . |
cancer |
|
The stomach is a ______ structure located between the end of the esophagus and the beginning of the small intestine. |
J-shaped |
|
The stomach serves as a storage ______ and mixing reservoir. |
chamber |
|
Food is stored at the top of the stomach and released in ______ quantities at a time into the acid at the bottom of the stomach to begin digestion. |
small |
|
After mixing with the acid for awhile, the stomach release ______ quantities at a time of this mixture into the small intestine. |
small |
|
There are stomach cells that produce ______ , ______ and ______ . |
acid, ezymes, mucus |
|
______ forms a thick lining that protects the stomach itself from the acid, so that it doesn't digest itself. |
Mucus |
|
Very ______ absorption actually occurs in the stomach. |
little |
|
Stomach absorbtion include waters, some drugs and ______ . |
alcohol |
|
Alcohol, drunk on an empty tsomach, is absorbed very ______ |
rapidly |
|
Small meals of easily digested foods, like sugars and carbohydrates, move through ______ . |
quickly |
|
Large meals of proteins or fatty foods may take several hours longer to digest, leaving one feeling ______ much longer. |
full |
|
The pancreas produces about ______ ml/day of pancreatic juice. |
1,200 |
|
Pancreatic juice is released into the beginning of the ______ intestine, just downstream from the stomach. |
small |
|
Pancreatic juice is ______ in pH, to neutralize acid from the stomach (otherwise the small intestine would be digested) |
basic (high) |
|
Pancreatic juice contains a number of ______ that digest carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. |
enzymes |
|
The ______ and ______ are located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, near the pancreas. |
liver, gallbladder |
|
Liver secrets a chemical called ______ , which is released into the small intestine and helps to digest fats. |
bile |
|
Bile I stored in the ______ until needed. |
gall bladder |
|
The liver also produces numerous ______ that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. |
enzymes |
|
The liver processes drugs and ______ substances such as alcohol. |
detoxifies |
|
The liver stores ______ vitamins like A, B12, D, E & K. |
fat-soluble |
|
The small intestine is the site where ______ digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. |
most |
|
Small intestine has millions of tiny folds called ______ and ______ that greatly increase the surface area for absorption to occur. |
villi, microvilli |
|
______ Defenses are defenses are present at birth and offer immediate protection against a wide variety of pathogens |
Innate |
|
The skin and mucus membranes provide both physical and chemical barriers to prevent invasion of the body by ______ . |
pathogens |
|
Bacteria can rarely penetrate healthy, intact ______ . |
skin |
|
Mucus ______ , which line the body cavities, secret mucus, a viscous liquid that can trap pathogens and other foreign substances. |
membranes |
|
The ______ respiratory tract contains cilia, which are microscopic hair-like structures. |
upper |
|
The waving action of the ______ propels inhaled dust and microbes towards the throat. |
cilia |
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Coughing and ______ enhance cilia in this process. |
sneezing |
|
Swallowing mucus sends pathogens to the stomach to be destroyed by ______ . |
acid |
|
The tear ducts produce an enzyme called ______ that helps to clean the surface of the eye and kill bacteria. |
lysozyme |
|
______ helps to wash microbes from the teeth. |
Saliva |
|
______ helps to keep the urinary system clean. |
Urination |
|
Defecation and vomiting help to expel ______ . |
microbes |
|
Oily ______ on the surface of the skin helps to inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. |
sebum |
|
Antimicrobial proteins called ______ are produced by virus-infected cells. |
interferons |
|
Interferons ______ to neighboring cells and help prevent further viral infection. |
diffuse |
|
______ target infected cells and kill them, either by puncturing their cell membrane or by dissolving them with enzymes. |
Natural killer cells (NKCs) |
|
______ ingest pathogens or cellular debris. |
Phagocytes |
|
______ is a nonspecific reaction to tissue damage caused by chemicals, burns, extreme temperatures or pathogens. |
Inflammation |
|
The signs of ______ are redness, pain, heat and swelling. |
inflammation |
|
______ is the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agent such as bacteria, toxins, viruses and foreign tissue. |
Immunity |
|
______ are substances that the body recognizes as foreign that provoke an immune response |
Antigens |