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23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Helicases
Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands.
Single-Stranded Binding Proteins
Bind to unpaired DNA strands, stabilizes them and holds them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.
Topoisomerase
Relieves strain caused by the untwisting of the double-helix, by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.
Primer
A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
Primase
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template.
DNA Polymerases
An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain.
Leading Strand
The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5'-3' direction.
Lagging Strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5'-3' direction away from the replication fork.
DNA Ligase
A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment to the 5' end of another DNA fragment
Nuclease
An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides.
Nucleotide Excision Repair
A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
Telomere
The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. Telomeres protect the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication.
Telomerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.
Gene Expression
The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.
Transcription
The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.
Translation
The synthesis of a polypeptide (Amino Acid) using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.
Ribosomes
The cite of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
RNA Polymerase
An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand
mRNA Degradation
The life span of mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm is a key to determining protein synthesis. Eukryotic mRNA lives longer.
Silent
Change in nucleotide that does not change amino acid specified by codon.

Change in genotype but no change in phenotype
Missense
Change in nucleotide that changes amino acid specified by codon.

Change in primary structure of protein.
Nonsense
Change in nucleotide that results in early stop codon.

Premature termination, polypeptide is truncated.
Frameshift
Addition or deletion of a nucleotide.

Reading frame is shifted. Massive missense.