Biology Exam

Front 1

stimulus

Back 1

a condition in an environment that requires an organism to adjust

Front 2

response

Back 2

reaction to change in internal or external environment

Front 3

growth

Back 3

from single cell to many or change within unicellular organism

increase in the mass and the formation of new structures in an organism

Front 4

development

Back 4

all of the changes that take place during life of organism (something changing)

Front 5

reproduction

Back 5

the production of offspring by an organism

Front 6

adaptation

Back 6

evolution of structure, behavior, or internal process that enables organism to respond to stimuli and better survive

Front 7

biology

Back 7

the study of life

Front 8

offers organized and scientific framework for posing and answering questions about the natural world - how living things work, how they interact with their environment, and how they change over time

Back 8

what's the purpose of studying biology?

Front 9

technology

Back 9

no matter what the results are, must be used ethically. Science cannot answer all questions

Front 10

ethics

Back 10

moral values and principles held by human

Front 11

scientific method

Back 11

series of steps used to gather information and answer questions

Front 12

1) observation
2) hypothesis
3) prediction
4) experiment

Back 12

what are the parts of the scientific method?

Front 13

observation

Back 13

based on human perception/senses

Front 14

hypothesis

Back 14

explanation for question/problem that can be tested
STATEMENT not question - based on several observations

Front 15

prediction

Back 15

forecasts what would happen in a test if the hypothesis were true

Front 16

experiment

Back 16

procedure that tests hypothesis by collecting information

Front 17

control group

Back 17

all variable are kept the same (constants)

Front 18

experimental group

Back 18

all condition kept the same except condition being tested

Front 19

independent variable

Back 19

condition that is being changed

Front 20

dependent variable

Back 20

conditions that result from changed in independent variable

Front 21

quantitative reasoning

Back 21

deals with numerical data

graph or table - for graph, dependent on vertical axis and independent on vertical

Front 22

qualitative reasoning

Back 22

deals with written descriptions of behaviors

"Descriptive Research"
used when numbers cannot describe what is being observed

Front 23

3 H2O - 3 stands for number of molecules, 2 stands for number of hydrogen atoms

Back 23

how to write a chemical formula

Front 24

atom

Back 24

smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

Front 25

nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons

Back 25

what is the structure of an atom?

Front 26

nucleus

Back 26

(+ charge) composed of neutrons and protons, surrounded by electron cloud; bulk of the mass of an atom

Front 27

proton

Back 27

(+) atomic number - # of protons determines the element

Front 28

neutron

Back 28

neutrally charged particle in nucleus

Front 29

mass number

Back 29

refers to number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Front 30

electron

Back 30

(-) surrounds the nucleus; exist in a cloud with very little mass

Front 31

*atoms have a neutral charge (no net charge)*

Back 31

what charge do atoms have?

Front 32

1st holds 2 e-, 2nd holds 8 e-, 3rd holds 8 e-

Back 32

how much e- do the energy levels and orbitals hold?

Front 33

when molecules randomly move about

Back 33

What is the Brownian movement?

Front 34

covalent bonds

Back 34

how is H2O held together?

Front 35

70-90%

Back 35

What percent of most organisms is made up water?

Front 36

polar

Back 36

uneven charge of water because electrons are not shared equally

Front 37

greater

Back 37

oxygen atom has ________ ability to attract electrons

Front 38

+

-

Back 38

polar molecule: one end _____ one end _____

Front 39

water can attract with other water molecules, ions, and other polar molecules

Back 39

what is the benefit of water being polar?

Front 40

dissolve

Back 40

water can ________ many other polar substances

Front 41

causes ions to dissociate in water which are necessary for many biological rxns

Back 41

since water can dissolve many other polar substances, this causes what?

Front 42

cohesion

Back 42

attractive force between particles of same kind

result of the H bonds that ar strong

Front 43

adhesion

Back 43

attractive force between unlike substances

along with cohesion, enables water to move upward against force of gravity

Front 44

hydrogen bonding

Back 44

positive region attracted to negative region of another molecule

H bonds weak compared to covalent, but strong enough to exert force to cause cohesion and adhesion

H onds are responsible for different states of water as wel as ability to absorb heat, cool through evaporation, and dissolve substances

Front 45

temperature

Back 45

high specific heat - takes in a lot of E to heat

heats and cools slowly - when heated, thermal E breaks H bonds first, then heats up, which allows molecules to move and raise temperature

E is released as heat when H bonds are broken

ability to absorb large amounts of E keeps cells at even temp, despite environment

Front 46

ionic bonding

Back 46

electrons are either gained or lost by atoms

Front 47

ion

Back 47

any atom that has gained or lost electron and has and electrical charge

Front 48

(Na+ or Cl-)

Back 48

what is an example of an ion?

Front 49

covalent bonding

Back 49

electrons are shared between two atoms

Front 50

water

Back 50

example of covalent bonding

Front 51

molecule

Back 51

result of covalent bond; group of atoms held together covalently with no overall charge

Front 52

covalent

Back 52

most compounds in nature are __________

Front 53

chemical equation

Back 53

the use of symbols and formulas to represent elements of substances in a chemical retain [ 2H2 + O2 ----> 2 H2O ]

Front 54

reactants

Back 54

substances that undergo chemical reaction

Front 55

products

Back 55

results from the chemical reaction

Front 56

acid

Back 56

solution where the number of hydronium ions exceeds the number of hydroxide ions (acidity)

Front 57

acid

Back 57

dissociate in water to make H+ ions

then goes to bond with water molecules to for H3O (hydroium ion)

below 7 (0 strong, 6 weak)

tastes sour

turns blue litmus paper red

Front 58

base

Back 58

solution where the number of hydroxide ions exceeds the number of hydronium ions (alkalinity)

Front 59

base

Back 59

dissociate in water to make OH- ions

above 7 (8 weak, 14 strong)

tastes bitter

turns red litmus paper blue

Front 60

pH scale

Back 60

measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

Front 61

14

Back 61

pH scale ranges from 0-?

Front 62

7 (water)

Back 62

____ being neutral

Front 63

logarithmic scale

Back 63

1 point indicates a 10 fold change in acidity or alkalinity

Front 64

control of pH importance

Back 64

enzymes can only function within range

Front 65

buffers

Back 65

________ are able to neutralize small amounts of acids and bases added to solutions

Front 66

isotops

Back 66

atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons in nucleus

Front 67

mass

Back 67

additional neutrons change __________ of element

Front 68

atomic mass

Back 68

average ________ takes into account relative amounts of each isotope - average found of periodic table

Front 69

radioactive treatment of cancer cells; fossil dating

Back 69

what are some uses of isotopes?

Front 70

chemical reactions

Back 70

breaking down or building up of molecules

Front 71

1) chemical bonds are broken
2) atoms are rearranged
3) new chemical bonds are made
4) energy is absorbed or released

Back 71

How do chemical reactions occur?

Front 72

Law of Conservation of Mass

Back 72

atoms neither created nor destroyed, just rearranged

Front 73

combine to become more stable and how they combine depends on # and arrangement of electrons in their orbitals

atom chemically stable when highest energy level is full

Back 73

what do atoms tend to bond?

Front 74

noble (inert) gases

Back 74

last column of periodic table; last energy level is full

Front 75

organic

Back 75

compound containing carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other C atoms and other elements like H, O, N

Front 76

inorganic

Back 76

compound containing elements other than carbon
exceptions: CO2

Front 77

nucleic acid

Back 77

organic molecules that store and carry important information for cell function

Front 78

deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 78

what does DNA stand for?

Front 79

information for cells activities including cell division

determines characteristics of an organism

composed of nucleotides

Back 79

What is DNA?

Front 80

stores and transfers information for protein manufacturing

composed of nucleotides

Back 80

What is RNA?

Front 81

ribonucleic acid

Back 81

What does RNA stand for?

Front 82

phosphate group

5-C sugar

N-base (ring)

Back 82

What are nucleotides made up of?