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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phylogeny |
The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
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Systematics |
An analytical approach to understanding diversity and relationships of organisms |
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Taxonomy |
The ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences |
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Cladogram |
Diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics |
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Orthologous genes |
found in a single copy in the genome |
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Paralogous genes |
Result from gene duplications |
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Transformation |
Uptake of genetic material between two bacteria |
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Transduction |
Virus carry bacteria DNA from one host to another |
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Obligate Aerobes |
Require oxygen |
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Facultative anaerobes |
with or without oxygen |
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Obligate Anaeribes |
poisoned by oxygen |
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Domain Bacteria |
chlamydia, spirochetes, gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria |
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Thermophiles |
Archaeans found in extremely hot environments |
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Barophiles |
Archaeans found in high pressure environments |
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Halophiles |
Archaeans found in extremely high saline environments |
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Methanogens |
Archaeans found in anoxic environments |
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Photoautotrophs |
Contain chloroplasts and photosynthesize |
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Heterotrophs |
Absorb organic molecules or ingest large particles |
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Mixotrophs |
Combine photosynthesis and heterotroph nutrition |
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Dinoflagellates |
Alveolate; aquatic photoautotrophs and mixotrophs; 2 flagella to spin in the water; cellulose plates; bioluminescent; red tides |
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Apicomplexans |
Alveolate; parasites of animals; apex has complex organelles to penetrate cell; derived from algal endosymbiont; treatment should target protein production by Apicoplast |
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Ciliates |
Alveolate; named for use of cilia to move and feed; 2 nuclei (macro for everyday function and micro for conjugation); sex involves exchange of haploid micronuclei |
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Bacillariophyta: Diatoms |
Stramenopile; unicellular algae; photoautotrophs; silica test major component of phytoplankton; diatomaceous earth |
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Phaeophyta: Brown Algae |
Stramenopile; largest and most complex algae; all are multicellular; most marine seaweeds |
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Foraminiferans |
porous, multi chambered tests made of calcium carbonate; pseudopodia extend through pores in the test; form tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record |
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Radiolarians |
marine protists with silica tests; pseudopodia known as axopodia (used to capture phagocytose microorganisms) |
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Red and Green Algae |
closest relatives of land plants (Archaeplastida) |
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Rhodophyta (Red) |
color is due to accessory pigment called phycoerythm; usually multicellular |
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Green Algae |
green chlorophyll (a and b pigments); two groups: chlorophyta and charophyta |
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Unikonts |
include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals |
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Amoebozans |
Lope shaped pseudopodia |
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Plasmodial Slime Molds |
form a mass called plasmodium; coenocytic (multinucleate from repeated division of nuclei w/out cytoplasmic division); extends pseudopodia through decomposing matter, phagocytosis |
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Cellular Slime Molds |
Form multicellular aggregates (cells separated by their membranes) |
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Fungi |
heterotrophs that feed by absorption; secrete exoenzymes that break down complex molecules; absorb smaller organic molecules |
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Mycelia |
hyphae grouped together |
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Mycorrhizae |
mutualism between fungi and plant host; ecto (surrounds root cells); endo (extends hyphae through root cell wall) |
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Plasmogamy |
cell fusion |
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Karyogamy |
Nuclear fusion |
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Deuteromycetes |
molds and yeasts with no known sex stage (imperfect fungi) |
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Chytrids |
Saprobic or parasitic; flagellated spores (zoospores) |
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Zygomycetes |
molds, parasites, commensal symbionts; sexually produced zygosporangia |
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Glomeromycetes |
form endomycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae; have relationship with 90 percent of plants |
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Ascomycetes |
Sac fungi; defined by production of sexual spores in ascu in ascocarps |
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Basidiomycetes |
Club fungi; mushrooms and shelf fungi; club like structure called basidium; usually long lived and dikaryotic |
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Lichens |
between fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria; harsh environments; fruticose, foliose, crustose; asexual reproduction by release of soredia or fragmentation |
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Charophytes |
green algae; direct ancestors of plants |
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4 key traits in all land plants |
Alternation of generations and multicellular dependent embryos, apical meristems, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia |
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Liverworts |
Hepatophyta |
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Hornworts |
Anthocerophyta |
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Mosses |
Bryophyta |
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Bryophyte sporophytes |
grew out of archegonia; consist of foot, seta, and sporangium |
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Ferns and other seedless vascular plants |
first to grow tall; sporophytes are the dominant phase of the life cycle |
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Lycophyta |
Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts |
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Pterophyta |
ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns |
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Xylem |
tissue type of vascular plants; conducts water and minerals |
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Phloem |
distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |