Biology Exam 1

Front 1

Name a character that distinguishes an animal (metazoan) form other organisms.

Back 1

animals ingest their food

Front 2

Name a morphological character that distinguishes a parazoan from a eumetazoan.

Back 2

Parazoans are sessile while eumetazoans are motile.

Front 3

Name the three layers found in a developing bilatarian.

Back 3

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

Front 4

Which tissue type literally moves you?

Back 4

mesoderm

Front 5

Name a function of coelom.

Back 5

The coelom cushions the organs.

Front 6

With decreasing adult animal size, is asexual reproduction more or less likely?

Back 6

less likely

Front 7

What is the molecular basis of evolution?

Back 7

The mutation of DNA to form new traits.

Front 8

What morphological feature likely evolved in several different animal clades (i.e. convergent evolution)?

Back 8

The ability to fly.

Front 9

Which gene is used to determine the species of (bar-code) animals?

Back 9

Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene

Front 10

What are the four components of barcoding projects?

Back 10

The specimens

laboratory analysis

database

data analysis

Front 11

What is an advantage of using barcoding to identify a species compared to using morphology?

Back 11

You can visualize the differences using barcoding.

Front 12

Did Carl Linneaus set out to determine the evolution of organism when he developed biological taxonomy?

Back 12

No.

Front 13

In a cladogram, where are the extant species found and the extinct (last common ancestor) when the root is at the left and the "leaves" are at the right?

Back 13

They are found on the left with the root.

Front 14

What character occurs at the branch point/node of parazoans and eumetazoans?

Back 14

Tissue-level organization

Front 15

Is the molecular-based phylogeny presented in lecture likely to be the same 10 years form now?

Back 15

No.

Front 16

What cell in a sponge is primarily involved in nutrition?

Back 16

Choanocytes.

Front 17

In a sponge, does digestion occur intracellularly like in protozoans or extracellularly like in you?

Back 17

Intracellularly.

Front 18

If you placed food coloring around the outside and base of a hungry sponge, where would it go?

Back 18

It would go inside the sponge.

Front 19

What is the term for the middle layer of the sponge wall and what layer is it homologous to in a triploblastic animal?

Back 19

The middle layer is called the mesohyl and it is homologous to ectoderm.

Front 20

Paul Porifera from Pottsville PA wanted to start a sponge farm for raising syconoid-shaped sponges that look like pots. How could he quickly "seed" his farm starting from just one sponge?

Back 20

He could break a sponge up into pieces so each piece would begin to grow a new sponge.

Front 21

Paul wants to be able to sell his Pottsville sponge pots for use as a pad for scouring pots. What class/clade of sponge should he use for his enterprise?

Back 21

Calcarea or Hexactinellida

Front 22

If I give you a gemmule, what could you raise it to be?

Back 22

A freshwater sponge.

Front 23

What does a placozoan use to move along a surface?

Back 23

They use cilia.

Front 24

What cellular organelle produces the cyst in a cnidocyte?

Back 24

The golgi.

Front 25

If current evolutionary theory is correct and cnidarians evolved after poriferans and placozoans but before other animals, what did the early cnidarians eat?

Back 25

Algae

Front 26

What cell layer/type expresses striated muscle like myosin in cnidarians?

Back 26

Epitheliomuscular cells

Front 27

What layer in the body wall of a cnidarian is homologous to the mesoderm of a triploblastic animal?

Back 27

The mesoglea.

Front 28

When comparing the anatomical axes of a cnidarian to a bilateral animal like you, which axis is most similar to your anterior axis?

Back 28

The oral axis is most similar to our anterior axis.

Front 29

In which body form of a cnidarian are you likely to find more sensory nerves for light and gravity?

Back 29

The medusa.

Front 30

Which class/clade of cnidarians exists in a polyp form only?

Back 30

Anthozoa.

Front 31

For Obelia sp. which metagenic form reproduces asexually and which reproduces sexually?

Back 31

Asexually: polyp

Sexually: medusa

Front 32

Of poriferans, cnidarians, and ctenophores, which is closest to being triploblastic?

Back 32

ctenophores

Front 33

What cell of a ctenophore is homologous to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

Back 33

colloblasts/cytes

Front 34

How do ctenophores move about in water?

Back 34

They use cilia

Front 35

Ctenophores can extend and retract their tentacles as well as move them about. Which protein do you think is enriched in the "middle layer" of the tentacles?

Back 35

actin/myosin

Front 36

State three characteristics that all animals have in common.

Back 36

Multicultural, usually with specialized tissues, ingest food, diploid life cycle.

Front 37

Explain the colonial flagellate hypothesis about the origin of animals.

Back 37

Animals are descended form an ancestor that resembled a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells. Individual cells became specialized for reproduction. Two tissue layers arose by invagination.

Front 38

Compare radial and bilateral symmetry, and provide examples of animals that exemplify each.

Back 38

Radial symmetry: body organized circularly; examples: cnidarians and ctenophores. Bilateral symmetry: have right and left halves; examples: most other animals.

Front 39

List two differences between deuterostomes and protostomes.

Back 39

Deuterostomes: blastopore forms form gut; Protostomes: blastopore becomes mouth, spiral cleavage, coelom forms from mesoderm.

Front 40

List three ways in which cnidarians are more complex than sponges.

Back 40

Sponges are multicellular with no symmetry and no digestive cavity. Cnidarians have true tissues, are radially symmetrical and have a gastrovascular cavity.

Front 41

Summaraize how a sponge obtains nutrients.

Back 41

Interior of sponges has canals lined with flagellated cells called choanocytes. Flagella produce water current that carries food particles that are filtered out.

Front 42

Describe the medusa and polyp body forms of a cnidarian.

Back 42

Polyps have mouths directed upward. Medusae are bell-shaped with tentacles around the opening of the bell and mouth directed downward.

Front 43

Explain how a cnidarian, such as a jellyfish, stings its prey.

Back 43

Stinging cells call cnidocytes have a fluid-filled capsule called a nematocyst in which a hollow threadlike structure is coiled and is discharged when stimulated. Some trap prey; others contain paralyzing toxins.

Front 44

List the characteristics that unite the flatworms, molluscs, and annelids.

Back 44

They all have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, and protostome development.

Front 45

Compare the features of the flatworm, mollusc, and annelid body cavity, digestive tract, and circulatory system.

Back 45

Annelids and molluscs have a complete digestive tract, a true coelom, and a circulatory system (closed in annelids and open in molluscs). Flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening, no coelom, and no circulatory system.

Front 46

List three phyla that feed the lophophores.

Back 46

Bryozoa, Phoronida, Brachiopoda.

Front 47

Name two ways in which the roundworms are anatomically similar to the arthropods.

Back 47

Roundworms and arthropods are protostomes that molt.

Front 48

List two ways that crustaceans are adapted to an aquatic life and insects are adapted to living on land.

Back 48

Crustaceans breathe by gills and have swimmerets. Insects breathe by tracheae, and they may have wings.

Front 49

Describe the features chelicerates have in common.

Back 49

The first pair of appendages is the chelicerae (modified fangs), and the second pair is the pedipalps (hold, taste, chew food). They have a cephalothorax and abdomen.

Front 50

Explain why echinoderms and chordates are now considered to be closely related.

Back 50

Both echinoderms and chordates follow a deuterostome pattern of development and molecular data indicates they are closely related.

Front 51

Delineate the evidence that supports the evolution of echinoderms from bilaterally symmetrical animals.

Back 51

The larval stage is bilaterally symmetrical.

Front 52

Describe the location and function of skin gills, tube feet, and the stomach.

Back 52

Skin gills are tiny, finger like extensions of the skin that project through body wall that are used for respiration.Tube feet are a part of the water vascular system on the oral surface and are used in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and sensory reception. The stomach is located int he central disc and has two parts. The cardiac stomach can be inverted and extended into bivalves where it secretes digestive enzymes. Partly digested food is taken into the pyloric stomach inside the sea star where digestion continues.

Front 53

Explain the functions of the water vascular system in sea stars.

Back 53

The water vascular system functions in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and sensory reception.

Front 54

Are bilaterians triploblastic or diploblastic?

Back 54

triploblastic

Front 55

During embryonic development, what are two general features that differ between a protostome and a deuterostome?

Back 55

The anus forms first in the deuterostome and the mouth forms first in the protostome.

Front 56

Given that free-living platyhelminths have incomplete digestive system and lack a circulatory system, how is their digestive system designed to allow nutrients to be distributed throughout the body?

Back 56

Their digestive system is branched throughout the body.

Front 57

What is the basic (simple) design of an excretory system?

Back 57

Balances the salt levels in the body.

Front 58

What is a survival advantage of an animal being an hermaphrodite?

Back 58

It does not matter what gender the animal is to reproduce.

Front 59

How do free-living platyhelminths move along a surface?

Back 59

They use muscles derived from the mesoderm, and use ciliated cells.

Front 60

Why does the skin of a parasitic flatworm, such as a tapeworm, change when it invades its intermediate or terminal host?

Back 60

They change skin to better suit their new environment at different life stages.

Front 61

Big Bob Bass of Boggs, PA was fishing in a well-stocked pond. He caught a lovely large-mouth bass, but noticed it was a bit lethargic. He examined the gills and noted some spots on them. He rushed to his Buick and removed his hand dissecting microscope from the trunk. He examined the gill spots with his microscope and noted that they were small flat worms firmly attacked to the gill by little hooks. What clade of Platyhelminthes was he likely looking at?

Back 61

Monogenea.

Front 62

Shrill Robinson of "Cluck Dismally" shot a bear in the bayou. He carried the carcass to the local grade school for parent's day and showed the students how to slaughter a bear. He then took the meat home to cook some for Sigh for dinner. Sigh wants his bear steak rare. Have a chat with Sigh and explain why this is not a good idea - or why this may explain his slender physique.

Back 62

The bear meat could contain tapeworms and Sigh could have tapeworms himself.

Front 63

In which parasitic flatworm does asexual reproduction occur in an intermediate host?

Back 63

Trematoda.

Front 64

How do adult tapeworms survive without a digestive system?

Back 64

The host does all of the digesting for them.

Front 65

Of the platyzoa clade which group is a pseudocoelomate?

Back 65

Rotifera.

Front 66

If you wanted to design a miniature machine less than 2 microns long, what animal would you likely use as a model organism?

Back 66

Rotifers.

Front 67

What is a commercial use of rotifers?

Back 67

They are used as fish food for young fish and for municipal waste water treatment.

Front 68

"Girls rule": Justify this statement biologically in relation to animals and give an example group of organisms that occasionally sexually reproduce and the girls do rule (males are rather hapless haploids).

Back 68

Some groups of animals are strictly female and use parthenogenetic reproduction only. An example if bdelloidea.

Front 69

Do you think ovovivipary is a convergent character in animals or derived (this is a biologist way of asking the question of whether reptiles and rotifers have a recent common ancestor - derived; or they are not closely related with both evolving the same character independently)?

Back 69

Ovovivipary is a convergent character.

Front 70

How can the lophophore function in respiration?

Back 70

It is used for gas exchange.

Front 71

What organ/organ system are you likely to find in a large lophophoran but not a small one?

Back 71

You are likely to find a cardiovascular system in a large lophophoran, but not in a small one.

Front 72

One a walk along the beach with your significant other, you find an animal with two shells. Your significant other quickly studies the morphology of the animal and concludes that it is a mollusk because it was two shells. You on the other hand, realize that it could be a brachiopod. How would you determine if the shelled animal is a brachiopod or a true bivalve?

Back 72

Brachiopods have top and bottom shells while true bivalves have left and right shells.

Front 73

What character is common to nematodes, tardigrades, and arthropods other than bilateral symmetry and protostome development?

Back 73

They have cuticles that are shed all at once.

Front 74

Name the two types of bio-materials that are used to make the skin (cuticle) in the different clades of ecdysozoans.

Back 74

Collagen and chitin.

Front 75

Do you think the common ancestor of nematodes and arthropods (assuming that ecdysis is a shared divergent character of the two) had appendages - briefly justify your answer?

Back 75

No I do not think so because appendages, or jointed appendages more specifically, are a unique characteristic of arthropods. Nematodes do not have appendages, so I think it is unlikely that a common ancestor had appendages.

Front 76

Is Trichinella spiralis infection from consuming domestic pork common in the US?

Back 76

No, not anymore.

Front 77

Do you think that it is fair to the pork industry for Biology textbooks to always have a picture of a pig on the page when they prattle about Trinella spiralis infection?

Back 77

No because it can be from any game animal or from the soil.

Front 78

What structure in a parasitic nematode's digestive system is modified to facilitate its infection and feeding on a plant host?

Back 78

The stylet is used to pierce plant walls.

Front 79

Is this same structure found in some tardigrades?

Back 79

yes.

Front 80

If you wanted to impress your significant other on your ability to distinguish the different types of worms (elongate bilaterians without appendages) where could you easily obtain some nematodes to observe microscopically and show off to your sweetie how smart you are?

Back 80

You could scoop up some soil and find nematode larva in the soil.

Front 81

If you wanted a microscopic pet that is very robust (can handle cold, dry, radiation, high and low pressure) and can crawl about, what animal would you choose?

Back 81

A Tardigrade.

Front 82

What tissue layer lines the coelomic fluid in a coelomate such as an annelid?

Back 82

Mesoderm.

Front 83

In polycheata like the common earthworm, where does most of the gas exchange occur?

Back 83

They use gills.

Front 84

What "fluid" gets filtered by metanephridia in annelids?

Back 84

Coelomic fluid.

Front 85

How does the organization of the mesoderm-derived muscle differ between an annelid and nematode?

Back 85

In nematodes the muscle is longitudinal while in annelids it is circularly.

Front 86

In earthworms, explain how the muscle is arranged and which muscle shortens to increase the diameter of a segment and which one shortens to decrease the length of a segment.

Back 86

The muscles are arranged longitudinally and circularly. The longitudinal muscle shortens to increase the diameter while the longitudinal muscle shortens to decrease the length.

Front 87

This same organism that you found on your walk has a "paddle sack" closer to the end that is always leading. What can you infer about the sexual maturity of this animal?

Back 87

The animal is sexually mature.

Front 88

During annelid development, where do segments get added to the trochophore larva?

Back 88

Segments get added between the anus and posterior to the paired belt of cilia.