Biology: Evolution Exam 1

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Evolution

Back 1

Cumulative genetic change in a population over time

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Population

Back 2

Group of individuals of the same species that interbreed and interact

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Community

Back 3

Group of different individuals

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Phenotype

Back 4

Expressed traits (physical and behavioral)

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Phenotype Plasticity

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The ability to express a different value of a trait in a different enviroment

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Natural Selection

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"Survival of the fittest", individuals with favorable traits will go on to breed and pass them along

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Variation

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Differences between individuals in a population

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Adaptation

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Change over time that makes a species fit into its enviroment

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Homology

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2 species change in DIFFERENT ways from a common point or ancestor

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Analogous

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2 different species evolve the SAME way

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Homologous Structures

Back 11

Similar or the same trait found in two or more species because they both inherited it from a common ancestor

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Developmental Homologies

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Similar embryos in species

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Genetic Homologies

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Similarity in DNA sequences

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Vestigial Structures

Back 14

Reduced or incomplete structures with no function or a NEW function

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Hypothesis

Back 15

An idea or explanation for a pattern that is testable through experiments and observations.

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Theory

Back 16

Rigorously tested statement of a generalprincipal that explains a pattern

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Convergent Evolution

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The process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments

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Plato

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Imperfections reflect the real physical world

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Aristotle

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Created the "Great Chain of Being" from least complex to most complex, (Dirt to Humans)

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Carl Linnaeus

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Created Taxonomy, species that are similar

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James Hutten and Charles Lyell

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Gradual geographical change over time

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Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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Acquired characteristics, individual gains a trait in their life-time and pass it down

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Thomas Malthus

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More offspring are born than survive

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Fitness

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Number of viable offspring produced

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Adaptive Radiation

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Rapid diversification of a lineage when it encounters new habitats or immigration

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To Adapt

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Process which populations evolve through natural selection

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Local Adaptation

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Pattern of different populations evolve to match their enviroment by natural selection

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Mutation

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Permanent change in an organisms DNA

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Adaptive Evolution

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Increase in frequency of beneficial alleles and decrease in deleterious allelesdue to selection

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Allele Frequency

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Rate at which a specific allele appears within a population

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Bottleneck Effect

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Genetic drift when there is a sudden reduction in number of alleles in a population and death is random in respect to phenotypes

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Founder Effect

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Occurs when a small group of individuals establish a new population

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Stabilizing Selection

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Favors average phenotype, extreme phenotype's at disadvantage (less variation)

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Directional Selection

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Shift in the average phenotype in one direction, favoring one extreme

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Disruptive Selection

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Favors extreme phenotype's, selects against intermediate traits (more variation)

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Balancing Selection

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Also a kind of diversifying selection, it maintains polymorphism

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Frequency-dependent Selection

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Fitness of a phenotype is determined by itʼs relative frequency compared to other phenotypes in the populations

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Negative-frequency

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favoring rare phenotypes

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Genetic Drift

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Random change in allele frequency, increasing OR decreasing fitness

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Genetic Flow

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Change in allele frequency that occurs when individuals leave one population and join another population (may increase or decrease fitness depending on circumstances)

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Half-life

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Time for half of parent isotope to decay to particular daughterisotope

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Nucleotides

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The monomer unit of DNA

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Gene

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Unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines different characteristics

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Point Mutation

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Only one nucleotide is changed

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Silent Mutation

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Change in nucleotide does not change the amino acid specified by the codon

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Missense Mutation

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Replacement, change in the nucleotide changes the amino acid

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Nonsense Mutation

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Change in nucleotide results in early stop codon

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Frameshift Mutation

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Addition or subtraction of a nucleotide shifting everything else

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Eukaryotes

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Multiple chromosomes

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Autosomes

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The other 22 chromosomes not sex chromosomes

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Chromosome

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A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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Haploid

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half of the amount of chromosomes

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Ploidy

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number of chromosomes

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Diploid

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Paired chromosomes from each parent

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Uniformitarianism

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The theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.