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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
alveolus
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One of the dead-end, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.
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arteriole
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A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
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artery
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A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
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atherosclerosis
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A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.
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atrioventricular (AV) node
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A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. It generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the ventricles to contract.
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atrioventricular valve
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A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.
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atrium
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A chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart.
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blood
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A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
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blood pressure
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The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
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blood vessels
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A set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body.
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Bohr shift
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A lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues.
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breathing
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The process involving alternate inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates the lungs.
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breathing control center
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A brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.
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bronchiole
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One of the fine branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli.
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bronchus
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One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
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capillary
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A microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
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capillary bed
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A network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body.
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cardiac cycle
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The alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart.
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cardiac output
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The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.
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cardiovascular disease
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Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
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cardiovascular system
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A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The system is characteristic of vertebrates.
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closed circulatory system
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A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
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countercurrent exchange
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The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
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diaphragm
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A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs.
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diastole
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The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
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diastolic pressure
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Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
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dissociation curve
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A chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen.
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double circulation
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A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs.
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electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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A record of the electrical impulses that travel through cardiac muscle during the heart cycle.
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endothelium
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The innermost, simple squamous layer of cells lining the blood vessels; the only constituent structure of capillaries.
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erythrocyte
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A red blood cell; contains hemoglobin, which functions in transporting oxygen in the circulatory system.
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erythropoietin
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A hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen. This hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes.
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fibrin
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The activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot.
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fibrinogen
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The inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot.
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gas exchange
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The uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.
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gill
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A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange.
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gill circulation
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The flow of blood through gills.
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heart
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A muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate hydrostatic pressure of the blood. Blood then flows down a pressure gradient through blood vessels that eventually return blood to the heart.
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heart attack
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The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
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heart murmur
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A hissing sound that occurs when blood squirts backward through a leaky valve in the heart.
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heart rate
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The rate of heart contraction.
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hemocyanin
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A type of respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component. Hemocyanin is found in the hemolymph of arthropods and many molluscs.
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hemoglobin
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An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
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hemolymph
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In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
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high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
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A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage.
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hypertension
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Chronically high blood pressure within the arteries.
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larynx
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The voice box, containing the vocal cords.
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leukocyte
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A white blood cell; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production.
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low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
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A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An LDL particle carries more cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, HDL, and high LDL levels in the blood correlate with a tendency to develop blocked blood vessels and heart disease.
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lung
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An invaginated respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates, land snails, and spiders that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
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lymph
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The colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals.
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lymph node
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Organ located along a lymph vessel. Lymph nodes filter lymph and help attack viruses and bacteria.
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lymphatic system
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A system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood.
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myogenic heart
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A type of heart, such as in vertebrate animals, in which the pacemaker is made up of specialized muscle tissues and located within the heart itself.
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myoglobin
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An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells.
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negative pressure breathing
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A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs.
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neurogenic heart
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A type of heart, such as in insects, in which the pacemakers originate in motor nerves arising from outside the heart.
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open circulatory system
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A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
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pacemaker
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A specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node.
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parabronchus (plural, parabronchi)
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A site of gas exchange in bird lungs. Parabronchi allow air to flow past the respiratory surface in just one direction.
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partial pressure
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A measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gases; the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air).
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peripheral resistance
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The impedance of blood flow by the arterioles.
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plasma
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The liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.
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platelet
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A small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow.
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positive pressure breathing
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A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.
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pulmocutaneous circuit
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The route of circulation that directs blood to the skin and lungs.
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pulse
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The rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced through the arteries by contractions of the ventricles during systole.
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red blood cell
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A blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports O2; also called an erythrocyte
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residual volume
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The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forcefully exhaling.
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respiratory medium
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The source of oxygen. It is typically air for terrestrial animals and water for aquatic organisms.
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respiratory pigment
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A special protein that transports most of the oxygen in blood.
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respiratory surface
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The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment.
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semilunar valve
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A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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A region of the heart composed of specialized muscle tissue that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract.
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sinus
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Any of the spaces surrounding the organs of the body in animals with open circulatory systems.
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stem cell
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Any relatively unspecialized cell that can divide during a single division into one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell, which can undergo further differentiation.
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stroke
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The death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
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stroke volume
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The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction.
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systemic circuit
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The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.
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systemic circulation
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Movement of blood through the systemic circuit.
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systole
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The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood.
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systolic pressure
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Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
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thrombus
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A clump of platelets and fibrin that blocks the flow of blood through a blood vessel.
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tidal volume
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The volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath.
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trachea
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The windpipe; that portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilagenous rings and passes from the larynx to two bronchi.
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tracheal system
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A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects.
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vein
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(1) In animals, a vessel that returns blood to the heart. (2) In plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf.
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ventilation
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Any method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface.
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ventricle
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(1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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venule
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A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.
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vital capacity
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The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.
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vocal cord
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One of a pair of string-like tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds.
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white blood cell
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A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells; also called a leukocyte.
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