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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nucleic acid
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macromolecule that stores information
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nucleotides
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individual units that consist of three components: a molecule of sugar, a phosphate group, and a base
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genome
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an organisms complete set of DNA
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chromosome
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one or more unique pieces of DNA that together make up the organisms genome
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gene
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a specific sequence of DNA that contains the necessary to produce all or part of a protein molecule
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alleles
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different versions of a gene that code for the same trait
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trait
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any single characteristic or feature of an organism
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intron
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non-coding regions that occur within the gene
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genotype
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the genes that an organism carries for a particular trait
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phenotype
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the physical manifestation of the instruction
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transcription
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the genes sequence is copied from DNA to a middleman molecule called mRNA
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translation
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the genes sequence is now encoded in mRNA, which directs the production of a protein
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recognize and bind (transcription)
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once RNA polymerase recognizes a promoter site, it binds to one strand of the DNA and begins reading the genes message
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promoter site
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a part of the DNA molecule that indicates the start of the gene
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transcribe (transcription)
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as the DNA strand is processed through the RNA polymerase, the RNA polymerase builds a single-stranded RNA copy of the gene, called the mRNA transcript
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terminate (transcription )
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when the RNA polymerase encounters a code signaling the end of the gene, it stops transcription and releases the mRNA transcript
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cap and process (transcription )
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in eukaryotes, mRNAs receive extra processing before they can be translated into a protein. A cap and tail are often added for protection and to promote recognition, and non-coding sections are removed
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ribosomal subunits
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the protein-production factories where amino acids are linked together in the proper order to produce the protein
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
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interpret the mRNA code, translating the language of DNA into the language of proteins, coded in the linear sequences of amino acids
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codon
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three-base sequence in mRNA
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recognize and initiate protein building (translation )
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the "start sequence" of the mRNA transcript is recognized by a corresponding tRNA molecule and the two ribosomal subunits. The attachment site of the tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA as the ribosomal subunits assemble around them
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elongate (translation )
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as the ribosome moves along the strand of mRNA, each new amino-acid-carrying tRNA molecule binds to the next three bases on the mRNA transcript. After the ribosome attaches the growing protein chain to the new amino acid, the tRNA molecule detaches from the mRNA and floats away
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terminate (translation )
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once the ribosome encounters the three-base "stop-sequence", protein assembly is complete. Translation ends and both the protein and the mRNA molecule are released from the ribosome
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protein synthesis
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the process of progressively linking together the amino acids specified by the mRNA strand
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gene expression
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the production of the protein that the gene's sequence codes for
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gene regulation
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whether the gene is turned on or off
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operon
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a group of several genes and the elements that control their expression as a unit, all within one unit of a cell's DNA
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mutation
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an alteration in the sequence of bases in an organism's DNA
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point mutations
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when one base pair is substituted for another, or when a base pair is inserted or deleted
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chromosomal aberrations
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changes to the overall organization of the genes on a chromosome
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biotechnology
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in which organisms, cells, and their molecules are modified to acheive practical benefits
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genetic engineering
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the manipulation of organisms' genetic material by adding, deleting, or transplanting genes fromone organism to another
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restriction enzymes
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when they encounter DNA, they cut into small pieces
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polymerase chsin reaction (PCR)
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a laboratory technique that allows a tiny piece of DNA to be duplicated repeatedly
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DNA probe
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this DNA contains part of the sequence of the gene of interest and has also been modified so that it is radioactive
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genetic engineering
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the manipulation of a species' genome in ways that do not normally occur in nature
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recombinant DNA technology
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the combination of DNA from two or more sources into a product
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gene therapies
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designed to treat or cure a variety of diseases by inserting a functional gene into an individual's cells to replace a defective version of the gene
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stem cells
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cells that have the ability to develop into any type of cell in the body
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short tandem repeats (STRs)
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characterized by having a short sequence that repeats over and over a dozen or more times
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inducible
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normally off, turned on by stimulus
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repressible
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normally on, turned off by stimulus
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