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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fluid-Mosaic model of cell membrane
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phospholipid bilayer with proteins scattered throughout
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Glycocalyx
Carbohydrate chains |
Formed by glycoproteins
To protect the cell Helps one cell stick to another, signaling molecules, dehydration, and cell to cell recognition |
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Functions of proteins (5)
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Channel protein/pores- the way things will get in and out of cell.
Carrier/transporter protein- shuttles molecules in/out of cell. Cell recognition protein- Glycoproteins- help recognize cell to cell. Receptor proteins- for ligand molecules to bind a single cell. Enzymatic protein- speed up chemical reactions |
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Permeability of plasma/cell membrane
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selectively/semi/differentially permeable- only lets certain things though
This function is critical because the life of the cell depends on maintenence of its normal composition |
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3 ways molecules get into the cell
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-freely cross membrane- water, carbondioxide, oxygen, and other small non charged particles
-assisted by carriers- ions, polar molecules, glucose, and amino acids -enter in vesicles- larger molecules |
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diffusion
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movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached
Rate of diffusion depends on temp, pressure, electrical currents, and molecule size |
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osmosis
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the diffusion of water molecules from high to low water concentration
water moves from low solute to high solute--DILUTE the SOLUTE |
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Osmotic pressure
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Pressure to prevent osmosis
Pressure that develpos in a system due to osmosis Higher the concentration, the greater amount of osmotic pressure |
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Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions
what hypotonic and hypertonic creates |
Isotonic- Same concentration as another solution
Hypotonic- Less concentration than another solution- creates turgor pressure in plants Hypertonic- More concentration than another solution- Crenation in animal cells and plasmolysis in plant cells |
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Facilitated transport
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(diffusion) Move down concentration gradient with the help of a transporter
No energy needed |
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Active transport
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Goin against concentration gradient. Energy is required and it needs a carrier
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Endocytosis
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Endo(into)- Into the cell, cell membrane invaginates enclosing something within the cell
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Exocytosis
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Exo(exit)- exits, leaving the cell. residual bodies- waste
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Junctions between animal cells
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Anchoring junction- attach adjacent cells. Attach 2 cells together
Tight junction- fluid tight seal Gap/communication junction- channels between cells. Cells must communicate at the same time. |
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Extracellular matrix
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Material between cells
Ground substance- Polysaccharides Fibers- collagen, elastin |
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Plant cell walls
Plasmodesma |
Made of cellulose and non-cellulose-pectin,lignin
Plasmodesma- a way plant cells communicate-channels |
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Energy
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The ability or capacity to do work.
Organisms need a constant supply of energy |
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Potential and kinetic energy
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Potential- stored energy
Kinetic- Energy of motion |
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First law of thermodynamics
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Law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another |
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Second law of thermodynamics
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Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy (usually in form of heat).
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Entropy and how it relates to cells (3)
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State of dissorganization
Energy transformations increase entropy of universe Requires a constant input of energy to maintain organization |
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Autotroph
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auto(self) photosynthetic-self feeders
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Heterotroph
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Other feeders.
depend on autotrophs and cannot photosynthesize |
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Metabolism
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The sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in a cell.
Anabolism- synthesis(build up) Catabolism- break down |
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Free energy and "triangle G"
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The amount of energy available to do work after a chemical reaction
Energy of products (Energy of reactants) |
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Exergonic reactions
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Exer(out)- Release energy
Negative change in energy Products have less free energy than reactants |
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Endergonic reactions
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Ender(in) - Require an input of energy to occur
Positive change in energy Products have more free energy than reactants |
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Structure of ATP
And how energy is gained or lost |
Adenosine+Pi+Pi+Pi---Adenosine~P~P~+Pi
ATP carries energy between exergonic/endergonic reactions Add phosphate, Lose phosphate |
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Functions of ATP (3)
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Chemical- Used to synthesize molecules
Transport- Used to move substances in/out of cell (active transport pumps) Mechanical- Movement of flagella or other parts |
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Metablolic pathway
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A series of enzyme catalyzed reactions. The products of one step serve as the reactants for the next step.
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Enzymes
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proteins that speed up chemical reactions
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3 characteristics of enzymes
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Specific- 1 substrate, 1 enzyme
Efficient- used over and over again Subject to strict cellular control |
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Enzyme substrate complex
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Enzyme is a protein that speeds up chem. reactions and substrates create the enzymatic reaction in an enzyme.
Lock "n" key- perfect fit Induced fit- enzyme changes so the substrate can fit better |
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Energy of activation
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minimal amount of energy to start a chemical reaction
enzymes lower the Ea |
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Constituitive and Inducible enzymes
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Constituitive- Made at all times
Inducible- Made at certain times (when substrate is present) |
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The suffix that usually denotes an enzyme
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ASE.
Lactase Sucrase Maltase |
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4 factors that affect the speed of an enzyme reaction
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Substrate concentration- How much substrate is at the active site
Temperature- Higher temperature increases molecular motion. Each enzymes have their own optimum temp. depends on the enzyme. pH- each enzyme has optimum pH Enzyme concentration- substrate is limited, add more enzyme, the faster it will go |
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Enzyme inhibition
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some type of inhibitor that binds to an enzyme and decreases activity
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Reversible and Irreversible inhibition
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Reversible- Temporarily shuts down when inhibitor is bound and cannot function. Can reverse and fall off
Irreversible- Inhibitor permanantely and irreversibly damages the enzyme ex: poisons, cyanide, nerve gas |
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Competitive and non-competitive inhibition
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Competitive- Something competes with substrate. Inhibitor binds to active site
Non-competitive- Inhibotor binds to another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) |
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Oxidation and reduction
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Oxidation- The loss of electrons LEO
Reduction- The gain of electrons GER Always coupled reactions and re-dox reactions occur in both photosynthesis and respiration |
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Photosynthesis and respiration
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photosynthesis
(oxidized) NADP+ +2e- +H+--->NADPH (reduced) Respiration (oxidized) FAD + 2e- +H+---> FADH2 (reduced) |
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Electron transport chain
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chain of electron carriers that accept electrons from NADPH (photosynthesis) or NADH or FADH2 (respiration)
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Chemiosmosis
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Method of ATP formation. How ATP is made.
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ETC is embedded in (2)
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Inner mitochindrial membrane
Thylakoid membrane |
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ATP production
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As electrons are pumped across the membranes, they go accumulate on one side. As they go back through the membrane, they go through ATP synthase which makes ATP for each or pair of H+ proton passing through
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Phagocytosis
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Cell eating
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Pinoctyosis
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Cell drinking
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Brings in specific molecules
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Vesicle formation
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Used to transport larger macromolecules(polymers)
Formation requires energy |
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Transport by carrier proteins
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Carrier proteins are specific
They combine only with certain type of molecule or ion (ligand) |
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Types of energy
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Chemical
mechanical solar nuclear electrical wind |