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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
03. Define data
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Evidence
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10. A hypothesis should be tested by a controlled experiment which does what?
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A hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time.
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11. List the order of the levels of organization in order of most complex to least complex.
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Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, groups of cells, cells, and molecules.
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12. Describe a compound microscope.
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Compound microscope-allows light to pass through the specimen and use 2 lenses to form an image.
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13. What two theories help to explain why mammals have evolved as they have in Australia?
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The theories of plate tectonics and evolution help explain why mammals have evolved as they have in Australia.
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14. What is the Theory of spontaneous generation?
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Spontaneous Generation-hypothesis (disproven) stating that life could arise from nonliving matter.
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15. What is a hypothesis?
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Hypothesis-possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question.
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16. What do scientist use the electron microscope for?
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Use electron microscopes because these microscopes can form images of objects 1000 times smaller than those visible under a light microscope.
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17. What is an Ion? What charge will an ion have if it gains an electron? loses an electron?
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ion-positively & negatively charged atoms. Gain electron the ion will become negatively charged. Loses an electron becomes positively charged.
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18. What are suspensions?
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suspensions-mix of water & nondissolved material.
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19. What is a catalyst and how do they work?
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catalyst-that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction catalysts work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.
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20 What's happening with the electrons in an ionic bond? A covalent bond?
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ionic bond is formed when one or more elctrons are transferred from one atom to another.
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21. Large organic molecules or macromolecules are formed by the process of? Describe it?
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Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Polymerization-which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.
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22. What are the smaller units of this larger polymer called?
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smaller units, or monomers.
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24. The monomers of starch, a polysaccharide, are?
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The monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecules.
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25. What are the basic units of fats or lipids?
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lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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26. What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Proteins?
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Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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28. List the functions of proteins. (key concept)
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Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some are used to form bones & muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.
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29. What is the function of nucleic acids?
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Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information.
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30. What effect do enzymes have on the chemical reactions in the cell?
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Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
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31. Describe the concentration of H ions in an acid and a base.
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Acidic solutions contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have ph values below 7. Basic, or alkaline, solutions contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water & have ph values above 7.
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32. What is an element's atomic number equal to?
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The number of protons in an atom of an element is the element's atomic number
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33. What is an element's atomic mass equal to?
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The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called its mass number.
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34. In a solution of salt water, which is the solute? The solvent?
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Table salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
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35. Define population, community.
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Population-group of organisms of one type that live in the same area. Community-populations that live together in a defined area.
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36. What are producers? consumers?
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Producers-organisms that make their own food also called autotrophs. Consumers-organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply are also called heterotrophs.
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37. What are autotrophs? Heterotrophs?
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Autotrophs-organism that make their own food. Heterotrops-organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply.
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38. What's an herbivore? carnivore?
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Herbivores obtain energy by eating only plants. Carnivores eat animals.
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39. What is the role of a decomposer?
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Decomposer breaks down organic matter.
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40.What is a food web?
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Food web is when the feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem form a network of complex interactions.
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41. What is an ecosystem?
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Ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment.
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42. What is a biome?
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Biome is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominate communities.
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43. What is not recycled in the biosphere?
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Energy is not recycled in the biosphere.
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44. Only 10% of the energy can be passed to the next trophic level. What happens to the other 90%
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The other 90% is lost as heat.
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45. How can a predator increase the number of certain species in its habitat?
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Eat less have less babies can increase # of certain species.
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46. Define mutualism. give an ex.
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Mutualism - both species benefit from the relationship. For ex. flowers depend on certain species.
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47. What is commensalism?
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Commensalism-one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
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48. What is parasitism? What is a host?
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Parasitism- on organism lives on or inside another organism & harms it. Host-the parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the other organism.
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49. What is a niche? Why can several species of warbler birds live in the same tree?
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Niche-is the full range of physical & biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Because each warbler species has a different niche in its spruce tree habitat.
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51. What are some of the factors that decrease biodiversity?
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Human activity can reduce biodiversity by altering habitats, hunting species to extinction, introducing toxic compounds into food webs, and introducing foreign species to new environments.
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52.What is global warming and what is causing it?
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Global warming-increase in average temp. of the biosphere. Global warming is caused by human activity.
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53. What chemicals are contributing to acid rain?
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Acid rain results from the chemical transformation of nitrogen & sulfur products that come from human activities.
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54. The chemical that is contributing to ozone depletion is?
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Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs
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56. What is logistic growth? What does the curve look like?
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Logistic growth occurs when a population growth slows/stops following a period of exponential growth. Curve-S shaped
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57. If the first level of an energy pyramid contains 10,000 calories of energy, how much energy is available on the third level?
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100 is available on 3rd level
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58. Nitrogen is one of the elements recycled in the biosphere. Why is it important to living organisms?
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All organisms need nitrogen to make amino acids. Amino acids make proteins that is why it is important to living organisms.
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60. What is transpiration?
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Transpiration-process by which water enters the atmospher.
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61. What does the ozone layer protect us from?
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Ozone layer protects us from harmful UV light.
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62. What is competition? What happens when there is direct competition for the same resources?
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Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
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63. What is active transport? It requires what?
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Active transport-the material moves from an area of lower concentration to area greater concentration. Requires input of energy.
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64. What is the major difference btw a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
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The cells of eukaryotes have a nucleus, but the cells of prokaryotes do not.
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65. What kinds of organisms are prokaryotic?
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Bacteria
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67. What is facilitated diffusion? Does it require an input of energy?
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Facilitate diffusion-movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.
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68. The nucleus contains DNA. Why is DNA so important to the cell?
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DNA contains hereditary information.
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71. Where is the cytoplasm located?
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Cytoplasm located inside cell membrane.
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72. What are organelles?
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Organelles-specialized organs.
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73. What is an isotonic solution?
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isotonic solution-when the concentration on both sides of the membrane are the same.
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74. If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, which way will the water move, into or out of the cell? In a hypertonic solution?
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Hypertonic-"above strength"
Hypotonic solution-"below strength" The hypotonic solution water moves in and hypertonic solution water moves out. |
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75. What are the 3 major parts of the nucleus?
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Nucleolus, chromatin, and nuclear envelope are 3 major parts of the nucleus.
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76. What two structures aid in cell movement?
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Cytoskeleton and microtubules help aid in cell movement.
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78. What do ribosomes produce?
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Ribosomes produce proteins.
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79. What is the function of a lysosome?
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Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell.
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80. What is diffusion?
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Diffusion-process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
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81. Carbon Dioxide is used to make what in photosynthesis?
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Energy rich sugars, and removes Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere.
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82. What 3 types of molecules make up ATP?
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Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups make up ATP.
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83. What molecule forms when energy is released from ATP?
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ADP is formed when energy is released from ATP.
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84. What is produced by the CALVIN CYCLE of PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
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High-energy sugars are produced by the calvin cycle.
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85. What are the 3 things produced in the light reaction?
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Oxygen gas, ATP, and NADPH are produced in the light-dependent reactions.
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86. What are the 3 products of cellular respiration?
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Carbon dioxide, water and energy are the 3 products of cellular respiration.
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87. Why are photosynthesis and respiration considered opposites of each other?
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Because photosynthesis stores energy and respiration releases it. Photosynthesis reactants are respirations products and vice-versa.
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89. What part of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm? In the mitochondria?
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Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The electron transport chain and the cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
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90. What molecule enters the Krebs Cycle?
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Pyruvic acid enters the Krebs Cycle.
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91. What chemical regulates the timing in the cell cycle?
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Cyclin regulates the timing in the cell cycle.
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92. What does a defect in gene P53 cause? How?
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It halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes have been properly replicated.
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93. What does the spindle do during mitosis?
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The spindle helps separate the chromosomes.
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94. What is the difference in cytokinesis btw plant and animal cells?
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Plant cells- a cell plate forms midway btw the divided nuclei. The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane. A cell wall begins to appear in cell plate.
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95. What are the 2 main stages of cell division?
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?
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96. Diagram and label a chromosome?
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?
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97. The first phase of mitosis is called?
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?
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98. What are the main events of metaphase?
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?
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99. Diagram and label the events of the cell cycle?
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?
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100. What is the cell cycle?
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?
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101. During what part of the cell cycle are the chromosomes visible?
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?
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102. As the cell increases in length or size, describe the relationship btw volume and surface area?
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?
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103. The rate at which exchange take place btw a cell and its environment depends on what? The rate that wastes are produced depends on?
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?
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104. What are the two main reasons cells divide?
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?
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66. Why does diffusion occur?
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Move materials from low concentration to high concentration.
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70. What is the function of the mitochondria?
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to produce energy from food.
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02. In the Redi exp. to disprove spontaneous generation, describe the controlled variables, the manipulated variable, and the responding variable.
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Control variable-jars, type of meat, location, temp, time.
Manipulated variable-gauze covering Responding variable-whether maggots appear |
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05. Science differs from other disciplines because after proposing an explanation it will do what?
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Science differs from other disciplines because after proposing explanations that can be tested by examining evidence.
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06. Define cell fractionation
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Cell fractionation-separate the different cell parts.
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07. What is homeostasis?
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homeostasis-the process by which organisms keep the internal conditions relatively stable.
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09. Convert 5.4km to cm
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1 meter =100 cm
1000 m =100,000 cm 100,000 X 5.4 = 540,000 cm |
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01. List the characteristics of living things.
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made up of units called cell, reproduce, are based on universal genetic code, grow & develop, obtain & use materials & energy, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, taken as a group living things change over time.
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04. What are scanning electron microscopes used for?
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Electron microscopes focus beams of electrons on specimens. These microscopes can form images of objects 1000 times smaller than those visible under a light microscope.
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08. Define metabolism
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metabolism-combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.
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23. What is the basic unit or monomer of a carbohydrate?
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Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms.
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27. The unequal sharing of electrons makes a water molecule polar. Which side is slightly positive? slightly negative?
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The negative pole is near the oxygen atom and the positive pole is btw the hydrogen atoms.
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50. Define biotic and abiotic factors. Give ex.
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Biotic factors the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem. Ex. birds, trees, mushrooms, & bacteria. Abiotic factors physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems. Ex. Climate, temp, precipitation, & humidity.
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55. What is exponential growth? What does the curve look like?
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Exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. Curve-J shaped
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59. How does water reenter the atmosphere?
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Water can enter the atmosphere by evaporating from leaves of plants in the process of transpirations.
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69. Even after equilibrium is reached, what is happening to the molecules on each side of the membrane?
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They keep moving from one side to the other.
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77. What is the main function of the cell membrane?
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The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.
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88. What are the 3 major steps in cellular respiration?
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Glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain are the 3 major steps in cellular respiration.
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