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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA; abbreviated as A
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adenine
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a virus specialized to attack bacteria.
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bacteriophage
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in molecular genetics, one of the nitrogen-containing, single- or double-ringed structures that distinguish one nucleotide from another. In DNA, the bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
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base
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a single DNA double helix together with proteins that help to organize the DNA.
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chromosome
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in nucleic acids, bases that pair by hydrogen bonding. In DNA, adenine is complementary to thymine and guanine is complementary to cytosine; in RNA, adenine is complementary to uracil, and guanine to cytosine.
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complementary base pair
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a nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA; abbreviated as C.
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cytosine
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a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene.
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deletion mutation
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abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid.
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DNA
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an enzyme that helps unwind the DNA double helix during DNA replication.
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DNA helicase
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an enzyme that joins the sugars and phosphates in a DNA strand to create a continuous sugar-phosphate backbone.
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DNA ligase
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an enzyme that bonds DNA nucleotides together into a continuous strand, using a preexisting DNA strand as a template.
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DNA polymerase
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the copying of the double-stranded DNA molecule, producing two identical DNA double helices.
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DNA replication
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the shape of the two-stranded DNA molecule; like a ladder twisted lengthwise into a corkscrew shape.
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double helix
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nucleotides that have not been joined together to form a DNA or RNA strand.
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free nucleotides
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the unit of heredity; a segment of DNA located at a particular place on a chromosome that encodes the information for the amino acid sequence of a protein, and hence particular traits.
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gene
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a nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA; abbreviated as G
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guanine
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a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are inserted into a gene.
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insertion mutation
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a mutation that occurs when a piece of DNA is removed from a chromosome, turned around, and re-reinserted into the gap; the order of genes in this section of the chromosome is therefore reversed.
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inversion
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a change in the base sequence of DNA in a gene; normally refers to a genetic change significant enough to alter the appearance or function of the organism.
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mutation
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a mutation that replaces one nucleotide in a DNA molecule with another; for example, a change from an adenine to a guanine.
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nucleotide substitution
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a subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; a phosphate group bonded to a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), which is in turn bonded to a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA). Nucleotides are linked together, forming a strand of nucleic acid, as follows: Nucleotides are linked together, forming a strand of nucleic acid, by bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide.
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nucleotide
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a mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed.
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point mutation
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the process of replication of the DNA double helix; the two DNA strands separate, and each is used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. Consequently, each daughter double helix consists of one parental strand and one new strand.
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semiconservative replication
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a major feature of DNA structure, formed by attaching the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate from the adjacent nucleotide in a DNA strand.
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sugar-phosphate backbone
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a nitrogenous base found only in DNA; abbreviated as T .
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thymine
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a mutation that occurs when a segment of DNA, often very large, is removed from a chromosome and attached to a different place on the chromosome or is attached to another chromosome.
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translocation
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