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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hippocrates theory was that particles called _______________ traveled from each part of an organisms body to the eggs or sperm and then are passed to the next generation. |
Pangenes |
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Body cells are called |
Somatic cells |
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The idea that the hereditary materials contributed by the male and female parents mix in forming the offspring similar to the way that blue and yellow paints blend to make green |
Blending hypothesis |
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Was the blending hyptothesis accepted or rejected? |
rejected because it doesnt explain how traits can disappear in one generation and can later reappear in later ones. |
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The transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
heredity |
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The scientific study of heredity by Gregor Mendel |
genetics |
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Mendel stressed that heritable factors called _____, retain their individuality generation after generation.
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genes |
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A heritable feature that varies among individuals (such as flower color) |
character |
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Each variant for a character, such as purple or white flowers |
trait |
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Fertilization of one plant by pollen from another plant |
cross-fertilization |
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varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring all identical to the parent. |
true breeding |
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Offspring of two different varieties |
hybrids |
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hybridization |
genetic cross |
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P generation |
true breeding parents |
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F1 generation F is for filial "son" in latin |
hybrid offspring of true breeding parents |
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F2 generation F is for filial "son" in latin |
When F1 plants self fertilize or fertilize each other their offspring are the F2 generation. |
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A cross that follows just one character |
monohybrid cross |
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Alternative versions of a gene |
alleles |
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From each characgter, an organism inherits ___ alleles, one from each parent |
2 |
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An organism that has two identical alleles for a gene is said to be __________ for that gene. |
homozygous |
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An organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be __________ for that gene |
heterozygous |
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Dominant allele determines the organisms ____________.
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appearance
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Has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance and is called |
recessive allele |
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Uppercase letters are for __________alleles |
dominant |
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lowercase letters are for _____________alleles |
recessive |
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The fact that a sperm or egg cell carries one allele for each inherited character because allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes. |
Law of Segregation |
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When a sperm and an egg unite at fertilization, each contributes its allele, restoring the paired condition in the offspring. |
true |
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A square that shows the genetic possibilities |
Punnett square |
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An organisms physical traits |
phenotype (3 purple, 1 white) |
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An organisms genetic makeup |
genotype (PP, Pp, or pp) |
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Homologs |
chromosomes that carry alleles of the same genes |
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Every diploid cell has pairs of homologous chromosomes |
true |
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a specific location of a gene along the chromosome
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locus (loci-plural)
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a mating of parental varieties differing in two characters |
dihybrid cross |
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The hypothesis of ______________assortment was refuted |
dependent |
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The fact that the inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another is Mendels |
law of independent assortment |
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to determine a genotype, you could perform a __________, a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual. |
testcross |
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law of segregation
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applies to sexual reproducing gametes |
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4 situations where Mendels Law does not apply
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1. Incomplete dominance
2. Codominance 3. Pleiotrophy 4. Polygenic inheritance |
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Incomplete dominance |
dominant gene(allele) is not completely dominant over recessive gene Example: Cholesterol 1:2:1 (phenotype & genotype) exactly the same for F2 generation. 3:1 in regular Mendels law |
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Gene for Cholesterol |
HH-200 mild (normal in humans) Hh-400 (Mild disease) can live normal life with exercise and medications hh-1000 (severe disease) hypocholestermia |
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LDL |
Bad Cholesterol |
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HDL |
Good Cholesterol |
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Codominance (neither is dominant over the other) |
both allelles are equally dominant example: Blood groups |
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3 allelles for Blood Groups |
A, B, O |
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Group AB (Universal receivers) |
Can accept anyones blood |
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Group O (universal donor) |
Cannot take anyones blood except O donors |
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Group A |
Accept only A group and O group |
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Group B |
Accept only B group and O Group |
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I(A) -A blood group I (B)-B Blood group I(A) I(B) AB blood group- O-ii (recessive) |
AB-no antibodies in AB Blood group |
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Codominance means that everything is |
expressed equally |
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Pleiotrophy (Example: Sickle Cell) |
When one gene influences many characteristics |
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In sickle cell |
abnormal hemoglobin crystalizes causing red blood cells to become sickle shaped (homozygous recessive) |
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Polygenic inheritance (Example skin colors) |
a single phenotype character results from effects of two or more genes. |
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3 genes gives |
64 combinations |
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skin color is changeable by |
environment and genetics |
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Sex Chromosomes & Sex linked genes |
Humans 22 pairs + 1 pair of sex chromosomes |
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Male |
22 autosomes and 1 pair of xy 22+x and 22+y |
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Female |
22 autosomes and 1 pair of xx 22+x and 22+x |
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Y Chromosome is necessary for sex of child |
male sperm determines the sex of a child |
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Grasshoppers, roaches and other insects |
Females (XX) Males (XO) |
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Chicken |
Male (ZZ) Female (ZW) female determines sex of child |
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Bees |
Male -16 haploid chromosomes Female-32 diploid chromosomes |
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Somatic cells |
all cells except reproductive cells |
