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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the direct linkage between the cytoskeleton and the ___ is critical to keeping cells in place, and helping adjacent cells adhere to each other
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ECM extracellular matrix
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___ are groups of cells that perform a similar function
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tissues
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_____ are cell to cell attachments common in animal epithelial cells and certain muscle cells
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desmosomes
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____ seal cells together in a quilting pattern
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tight junction
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___ act as channels between cells
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membrane proteins in gap junctions
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___ connect the cytoskeletons of cells
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desmosomes
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____ are information carrying molecules that are secreted from a cell and act on target cells far from the original cell that sent the signal
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hormones
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the presence of an appropriate ___ dictates which cells will respond to a particular hormone
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receptor
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a ___ ____ is a protein that changes its shape and activity after binding to a signal molecule
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signal receptor
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the majority of signal receptors are located in the _____ _____
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plasma membrane
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______ convers an extracellular signal to an intracellular signal
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signal transduction
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hormones are present in minuscule concentrations but trigger a large response from cells. how is this possible?
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through signal amplification
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______ signals are processed directly
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lipid soluble signals
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_____ signals require transduction
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lipid insoluble signals
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second messengers are/are not restricted to a single role or cell type?
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are not restricted
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when __ are activated by a signal receptor, they trigger the key step in signal transduction: the production of a messenger inside the cell. they link the receipt of an extracellular signal to the production of an intracellular signal
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G-proteins
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what are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)?
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enzyme linked receptors
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instead of activating a G-protein, _____ transduce the signal from a hormone by directly catalyzing a reaction inside the cell
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enzyme linked receptors
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once phosphorylated, ___ becomes an active enzyme
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RTK
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proteins in the cell form a bridge between the activated RTK and a peripheral membrane protein called ___, which functions like a G-protein
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Ras
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when Ras is activated, it triggers the ______ and activation of another protein
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phosphorylation
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the sequence of phosphorylated proteins that occur after the activation of Ras by an enzyme linked receptor is called _____
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phosphorylation cascade
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both G-proteins and enzyme-linked receptors may cause phosphorylation cascades. true/false
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true
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second messengers or a phosphorylation cascade may do what?
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1. change the genes being expressed in the target cell
2. activate or deactivate a particular target protein |
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______ systems trigger a rapid response and can be shut down quickly
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signal transduction systems
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cells with defective Ras may continue stimulating a phosphorylation cascade, and continue dividing, which may lead to the development of _____
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cancer
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_____ refer to interactions between signaling pathways
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cross-talk
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in bacteria, cell-cell communication is called____
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quorum sensing
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what are protein kinases?
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enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them
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