Biology Chapter 8 Flash Cards

Front 1

Anaphase

Back 1

a phase of mitosis and meosis in which the chromosomes separate

Front 2

asexual reproduction

Back 2

the production of offspring that does not involve the union of gametes

Front 3

autosome

Back 3

a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Front 4

binary fision

Back 4

an asexual cell division of prokaryots that produces identical offspring

Front 5

cell cycle

Back 5

the events of cell division

Front 6

cell plate

Back 6

a membrane that divides newly forming plant cells following mitosis

Front 7

centriole

Back 7

a structure that appears during mitosis in animal cells

Front 8

centromere

Back 8

a region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids are held together and which is the site of attachment of the chromosome to the spindle fibers during mitosis

Front 9

centrosome

Back 9

a dark body containing a centriole in the animal cells but not in plant cells; spindle fibers radiate from the centrosome in preparation for mitosis

Front 10

chromatid

Back 10

one of the two identical parts of a chromosome

Front 11

cleavage furrow

Back 11

the area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell

Front 12

crossing-over

Back 12

the exchange of genes by the reciprocal segments of homologous chromosomes during meosis

Front 13

cytokinesis

Back 13

the division of the cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells

Front 14

diploid

Back 14

a cell that contains both chromosomes of a homologous pair

Front 15

gamete

Back 15

a reproductive cell

Front 16

genetic recombination

Back 16

the new mixture of genetic material after crossing-over has taken place

Front 17

g0 phase

Back 17

a phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is not dividing and its DNA is not replicating

Front 18

g1 phase

Back 18

the first period of interphase in which the cell doubles its side

Front 19

g2 phase

Back 19

the final period of interphase in which the cell indergoes rapid growth and prepares for mitoss

Front 20

haploid

Back 20

having only one chromosome for each homologous pair

Front 21

histone

Back 21

a protein molecule that DNa wraps around during chromosome formation

Front 22

homologous chromosome

Back 22

one pair of morphologically similar chromosomes

Front 23

Independent assortment

Back 23

during meosis, the random distribution of genes fron different chromosomes to the gametes

Front 24

interphase

Back 24

aperiod of cell growth and development that precedes eukaryotic cell nuclear division

Front 25

karyotype

Back 25

a picture of an individuals chromosomes

Front 26

kinetochore

Back 26

a disk-shaped protein found in the centromere region of the chromosome that attaches to the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle

Front 27

kinetochore fiber

Back 27

a spindle fiber that extends fron the centrosome at one pole of the cell to a chromatic during mitosis

Front 28

meiosis

Back 28

the process of a nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half

Front 29

metaphase

Back 29

the second phase of mitosis, during which all the chromosomes move to the cells equator

Front 30

mitosis

Back 30

eukaryotic nuclear division

Front 31

mitotic spindle

Back 31

the array of spindle fibers that serve to civide the chromatics during nuclear division

Front 32

M phase

Back 32

mitosis; the phase of cell division in which the nucleus divides

Front 33

oogenesis

Back 33

the production of mature egg cells

Front 34

polar body

Back 34

one of two small cells produced and discarded during each of the two meiotic divisions that yeild the haploid egg

Front 35

prophase

Back 35

the first stage of mitosis and meiosis

Front 36

polar fiber

Back 36

fibers that extenc adross a dividing cell from centrosome to centrosome

Front 37

sex chromosome

Back 37

a chromosome that determines sex

Front 38

sexual reproduction

Back 38

the production of offspeing from the combination of genetic material fron the two parent organisms

Front 39

spermatid

Back 39

im meiosis, a haploid cell that develops into a mature sperm cell

Front 40

spermatogenis

Back 40

the production of sperm cells

Front 41

S phase

Back 41

the secont period of interphase in which the replication of DNA occurs

Front 42

spindle fiber

Back 42

one of the microtubules that extencs across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes

Front 43

synapsis

Back 43

the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Front 44

telophase

Back 44

the final stage of mitosis during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes

Front 45

tetrad

Back 45

a group of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Front 46

telophase

Back 46

the fourth stage of mitosis