Biology Chapter 7 Prentice Hall Exploring Life

Front 1

Autotroph

Back 1

Organism that makes its own food (example: plant)

Front 2

heterotroph

Back 2

Organisms that cannot make their own food (example: people)

Front 3

Photosynthesis

Back 3

process of using the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

Front 4

producer

Back 4

organisms that create organic molecules that serve as food for the organisms in their ecosystem

Front 5

consumer

Back 5

organisms that must obtain food by eating producers or other consumers

Front 6

cellular respiration

Back 6

chemical process that uses oxygen to convert teh chemical energy stored in organic molecules into another form of chemical energy - a molecule called ATP

Front 7

ATP

Back 7

adenosine triphosphate. The "adenosine" part consists fo a nitrogen-containing compound called adenine and a five-carbon sugar called ribose. The triphosphate "tail" consists of three phosphate groups.

Front 8

what is used by both plant and animal cells during cellular respiration to release the energy stored in glucose?

Back 8

Oxygen

Front 9

kinetic energy

Back 9

energy of motion (example: ball falling down stairs)

Front 10

potential entery

Back 10

energy stored due to an object's position or arrangment (ball resting at top of stairs)

Front 11

thermal energy

Back 11

random molecular motion, a type of kinetic energy

Front 12

chemical energy

Back 12

type of potential energy where potential to perform work is due to the arrangement of the atoms within the molecules

Front 13

calorie

Back 13

amount of energy required to raise teh temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celcius - due to size it is usually expressed in kilocalories (1000 calories)

Front 14

How does ATP store energy?

Back 14

Each phospate group is negatively charged. Because like charges repel, the crowding of negative charge in the ATP tail contributes to the potential energy stored in ATP. When ATP is involved in a chemical reaction that breaks one or both of these phophate bonds, potential energy is released.

Front 15

What is ATP called after it has lost one of it's 3 phosphate groups?

Back 15

ADP

Front 16

ADP

Back 16

adenosine diphosphate

Front 17

Name the 3 main types of work that cells perform:

Back 17

chemical work
mechanical work
transport work

Front 18

Building large molecules such as proteins is an example of?

Back 18

chemical work

Front 19

Contraction of a muscle is an example of?

Back 19

mechanical work

Front 20

Pumping solutes such as ions across a cellular membrane is an example of?

Back 20

tranport work

Front 21

How often is ATP converted to ADP and when?

Back 21

ATP is continuously converted to ADP as your cells do work

Front 22

How do you replace ATP?

Back 22

ATP is "recyclable" and can be restored from ADP by adding a thrird phosphate group. This requires energy to do. The source of this energy is the organic molecules from food.

Front 23

aerobic

Back 23

process that requires oxygen (example: cellular respiration)

Front 24

Describe teh cell exchange that takes place during cellular respiration

Back 24

during cellular respiration, a cell exchanges two gases wtih its surroundings. Teh cell takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Your bloodstream delivers oxygen to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide. The process fo breathing results in teh exchange of these gases between your blood and the outside air.

Front 25

overall equation for cellular respiration:

Back 25

Glucose + 6 Oxygen ->->
6 Carbon dioxide + 6 Water +
about 38 Energy stored in ATP

Front 26

What is cullular respiration's main function?

Back 26

to generate ATP for cellular work

Front 27

electron transport chain

Back 27

The process of electron carriers passing high-energy electorns from the glucose molecule created in cellular respiration to other carriers in a seies fo tranfers. Each carrier holds the electron more stongly than the carrier beofre it. At the end of the chain, oxygen - teh electron grabber - pulls electrons from teh final carrier molecule and joins them with hydrogen ions, forming water

Front 28

metabolism

Back 28

a cell's chemical processes

Front 29

metabolic pathway

Back 29

the series fo reactions that make of cellular respiration

Front 30

3 main stage of cellular respiration

Back 30

glycolysis
Krebs cycle
electrom transport and ATP synthase

Front 31

Name and describe stage 1 of cellular respiration

Back 31

Glycolysis is breaking down a glucose molecule. It takes place outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the cell. The original glucose molecule has been converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid. Two ATP molecules are spent and four ATP molecules are produced. The pyruvic acid molecules still hold most of the energy of the original glucose molecule

Front 32

Name and describe stage 2 of cellular respiration

Back 32

Krebs cycle finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid molecules to carbon dioxide, releasing more energy in the process. Taking place within a mitchondrions inner membrane. Krebs cycle actually turns twice for each glucose molecule breaking down one acetyl CoA molecule each turn and produces a total of four carbon dioxide molecules and two ATP molecules.

Front 33

Name and describe state 3 of cellular respiration

Back 33

Electron transport Chain and ATP Synthase Action is the final stage of cellular respiration and occurs in the inner membranse of mitochondria. This stage has two parts: electron transport chain and ATP Production by ATP synthase.

Front 34

In which organelle does cellular respiration occur?

Back 34

most of the process occurs within the mitrochondria

Front 35

Most important product of cellular respiration and how many produced

Back 35

The most important product of cellular respiration is ATP, for cellular work. A cell can convert the energy of one glucose molecule to as many as 38 molecules of ATP.

Front 36

Fermentation

Back 36

process that makes ATP without using oxygen

Front 37

anaerobic

Back 37

without oxygen

Front 38

aerobic

Back 38

with oxygen