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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
light microscpe (LM)
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an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens
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resolving power
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a measure of the clarity of the image
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organelle
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one of several formed bodies with a specialized function, suspended in the cytoplasm and found in eukaryotic cells
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electron microscopes (EM)
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A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope.
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transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells
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scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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used to study the fine details of cell surfaces
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cell fractionation
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the disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation
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ultracentrifuges
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instruments used to fractionate cell, a merry-go-round for test tubes capable of spinning at various speeds
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prokaryotic cell
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a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea
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nucleoid
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a dense rigion of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
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cytoplasm
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the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane
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cytosol
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the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
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plasma membrane
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the membrane at the boundry of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulation the cell's chemical composition
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nucleus
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The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell
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nuclear lamina
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A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.
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chromatin
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The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
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chromosomes
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A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin.
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nucleolus
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A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes
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ribosomes
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A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus, functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
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endomembrane system
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The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
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smooth ER
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That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
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rough ER
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That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
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glycoproteins
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Proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates.
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transport vesicles
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Vessels in transit from one part of the cell to another
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golgi apparatus
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An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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lysosome
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A membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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food vacuoles
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Vacuoles formed by phagocytosis
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Contractile vacuoles
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Pumps excess water out of the cell
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vacuole
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A membrane-enclosed sac taking up most of the interior of a mature plant cell and containing a variety of substances important in plant reproduction, growth, and development.
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tonoplast
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A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap.
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mitochondrion
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An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
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chloroplasts
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An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
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cristae
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An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
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mictochondrial matrix
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The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.
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plastids
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One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).
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thylakoids
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A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
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granum
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A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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stroma
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The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
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peroxisome
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A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
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cytoskeleton
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A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.
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micortubule
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A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.
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microfilament
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A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
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plastids
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One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).
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thylakoids
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A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
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granum
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A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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stroma
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The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
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peroxisome
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A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
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cytoskeleton
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A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.
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micortubule
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A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.
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microfilament
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A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
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intermediate filament
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A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
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centrosome
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Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and important during cell division; also called microtubule-organizing center.
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centriole
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A structure in an animal cell, composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles, which are involved in cell division.
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flagellum
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A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
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cilium
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A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
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dynein
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A large contractile protein forming the sidearms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella.
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actin
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A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
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pseudopodium
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A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
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cytoplasmic streaming
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A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
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cell wall
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A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In the case of plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid, and is the primary constituent of wood.
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primary cell wall
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Relatively thin and flexible wall
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middle lamella
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thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells.
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secondary cell wall
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Strong and more rigid wall, and is the primary constituent of wood
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extracellular matrix (ECM)
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The main ingredients of this are glycoproteins secreted by the cells.
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collagen
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A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
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proteoglycans
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A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrate.
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fibronectin
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These kind of glycoproteins bind to the receptor protein called integrins
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integrin
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A receptor protein that builts into the plasma membrane
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plasmodesma
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An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells.
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