Biology Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration

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Cellular respiration

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consumed as sugar is broken down to CO2 and H20; the cell captures the energy released in ATP

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Mitochondria in the muscle cells use the O2 in cellular respiration to harvest energy from glucose and other organic molecules and generate ADP

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false(ATP)

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Summary equation for cellular respiration

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Glucose+6 Oxygen--6 CO2 + H20+ ATP+Heat

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Cellular respiration uses about __________% of the energy originally used in glucose.

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34

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the energy units are called

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kilocalories

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The movement of one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction or ______________

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redox reaction

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The loss of electrons from one substance to another is called

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reduction

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An important player in the process of oxidizing glucose is a coenzyme called

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NAD+

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NAD+, accepts electrons and becomes reduced to

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NADH

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Electron transport chain

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The major role of electron transport chain is to extract energy via redox reactions in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

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Stage 1: Glycolysis

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occurs in the cytosol of the cell. Glycolysis begins cellular respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of a 3 carbon compound called pyruvate

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What is a pyruvate?

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Pyruvate is a molecule that is the end product of glycolysis.

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Where does pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle take place?

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Within the mitochondria

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Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation

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involves electron transport and a process known as chemiosmosis; occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane; uses the energy released by the downhill fall of electrons from
NADH and FADH

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The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP_____________________.

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chemiosmosis

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Which of these stages use oxygen?

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Oxidative phosphorylation

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Substrate level phosphorylation

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an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP; forming an ATP; donates a phosphate group.

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What are intermediates?

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Compounds that form between the initial reactant, glucose, and the final product, pyruvate.

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Acetyl Co A

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A compound called coenzyme a, derived from a B vitamin, joins with the two-carbon group to form a molecule called acetyl coenzyme A .

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ATP Synthase

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synthesizes ATP

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What is the process that uses the energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis?

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Chemiosmosis

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Where is O2 used and CO 2 is produced in cellular respiration?

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O2 accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. CO2 is released during the oxidation of intermediate compounds in pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle.

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_____________________is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen.

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Fermentation

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_____________ acid fermentation is a common type of fermentation in which your muscle cells and certain bacteria can regenerate NAD+ by this process; the lactate is gradually carried by the blood to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate and oxidized in the mitochondria of liver cellsex: running /exercising and running out of energy?

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Lactic

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_________________ fermentation is used in brewing, winemaking and baking

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alcohol

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Obligate anaerobes

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they require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen

for ex: yeast

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Facultative anaerobe

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can make ATP either by fermentation or by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether O2 is available.

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What is the universal energy harvesting process of life?

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glycolysis

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You obtain most of your calories as

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carbohydrates such as sucrose, and other disaccharide sugars and starch, a polysaccaride)

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_____ also provide the raw materials your cells used for bio-synthesis -the production of organic molecules using energy-requiring metabolic pathways.

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Foods

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___________________ can convert excel amino acids to intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle and their energy is then harvested by cellular respiration.

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Enzymes

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Final acceptor of electron is

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oxygen

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Cellular respiration is active or passive transport?

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passive transport

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chemicals are recycled in nature

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sunlight is not recycled...it is returned as heat

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Sunlight enters as ___________________

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energy

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sunlight leaves as

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heat

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Cellular respiration is

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exothermic

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Photosynthesis is

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endothermic

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Breathing is

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Aroebic

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Anareobic is without

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oxygen

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chemical bonds in reactants

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balance equation

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Glucose is transferred to ATP in the presence of

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oxygen

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Glucose burns very slowly and

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electrons travel down each step and loses energy to atp

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Energy is caught at every step by cell to make atp

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this is done in the membrane of mitochondria

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Coenzymes that carries electrons

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NAD+ and FADH2

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Loss of hydrogen is

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oxidation

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Addition of electron is

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reduction

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NADH carries molecules down the energy stair step

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True

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Distilled water for an animal cell is

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hypotonic

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Salt water for animal cell is

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hypertonic

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Driving force for going from high to low concentration (down) or low to high concentration (against) is:

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Concentration gradient

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Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)Pump

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Active Transport

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Stage 1: Glycolysis

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takes place in the cytoplasm, begins cellular repsiration, breaks down glucose into two molecules of a 3 carbon compound called pyruvate

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Product becomes a _______________ in energy investment phase

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reactant

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Net gain of 2 ATP molecules after using 2 to break down chain molecule

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true

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Substrate level phosphorylation

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transfer of phosphate group to adp to = ATP

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Stage 2: Citric Acid cycle

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Electrons are captured by NAD=NADH

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Co-A makes Acetyle coenzyme A enters citric acid by chemical grooming

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true

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Acetyle CoA recycles itself them forms

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NAD, NADH, FADH(electron carriers) then enters the 3rd stage.

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After 2 turns of citric acid cycle, overall glucose molecule

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2 atp, 6 nadh, 2 fadh2

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Process will STOP at glycolosis if ______ is not present

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oxygen

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Oxidative Phosphoration has 2 sections

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Electron transport chain-electrons are accepted by oxygen to make H20 this is built into the membrane of the mitochondria

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NADH+ converts back to NAD and the recycling continues

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true

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Active Diffusion

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ATP synthase hydrogen molecules will pass through

ADP + P = ATP-H+

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From low concentration to high concentration

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Active Transport

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32 molecules: 2 in glycolysis, 2 in citric and 28 in oxidative phorylation

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true

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Pyravate oxidation makes 2

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NADH

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36% of energy is used by cell making it more efficent than a car and the rest is lost as

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heat

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If no oxygen exist during glycolysis it leads to

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lataic fermentaion

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if oxygen is present in glycolysis

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it leads to oxidative phosphorylation

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Obligate anaerobes(If it touches oxygen it will die)

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cannot take oxygen(stagnant ponds)

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Facultative anaerobes (includes yeasts and bacteria)

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They have a choice; they can live with or without oxygen depending of conditions available

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anaeobic respiration

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no oxygen; glycolysis is hte only step that can take place without oxygen; it stops at glycolysis if no oxygen is available.

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lactic acid fermentation

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Without NAD+there is no breakdown of glucose must convert pyruvate to lactacte

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Lactic acid is available when you are running then it converts back to respiration.

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true

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Alcohol fermentation

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yeast, cells and bacteria (prokaryoitcs= bacteria) yeast (single cell fungi)

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Pyruvate is converted to

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Ethanol

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What makes bubbles in sparkling water and beer

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CO2

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Yeast cells does NOT need

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oxygen

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Nadh= reduced

nad= oxidized

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true

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Chemiosmosis

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Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of ions across a selectively-permeable membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration.