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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Organelles
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Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells
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Light Microscope
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Light passes through the specimen through glass which magnifies it
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Electron Microscope
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Electrons are beamed through the specimen
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Scanning Electron Microscope
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useful for detailed study of topography of a specimen
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Transmission Electron Microscope
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Used to study internal structure of cells by aiming an electron beam through a thin layer of specimen after being stained with heavy metals
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Cell Fractionation
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Takes cells apart and separates major organelles from one another.The higher the speed, the smaller the pellets that appear on the bottom.
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Cytosol
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Jellylike substance within cells
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Nucleoid
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Region with concentrated DNA in prokaryotic cells
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Cytoplasm
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Interior of the cell, but only between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
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Plasma Membrane
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A selective barrier that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wasters to service the cell. It has a large SA to V ratio.
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Nucleus
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Contains most of the genes of the cell
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Nuclear Envelope
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Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm.
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Nuclear Lamina
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A net-like array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope on the inside.
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Chromosomes
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Units of DNA, carrying genetic information
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Chromatin
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A complex of DNA and proteins making the chromosomes
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Nucleolus
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A dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made.
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Ribosomes
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Ribosomal RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis
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Endomembrane System
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The nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,vesicles, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.
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Vesicles
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Sacs made of membrane that interrelate the various organelles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Accounts for most of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells. Has two parts: Smooth and Rough.
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Smooth ER
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Lacks ribosomes on its outer surface. Produces lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poisons, and stores calcium ions.
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Rough ER
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Covered in ribosomes. Produces proteins.
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Glycoproteins
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Primarily secretory proteins.
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Transport Vesicles
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Vesicles that move from one part of the cell to another transporting material.
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Golgi apparatus
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Warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and some manufacturing. Products of the ER are modified. Has two sides, cis (near ER) and trans (away from ER)
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Lysosomes
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Sac of hydrolytic enzymes hat digest macromolecules.
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Phagocytosis
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Cells eat by engulfing food particles.
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Vacuoles
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Vesicles from the ER and Golgi apparatus.
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Cristae
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Infolding of the mitochondria
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Mitochondrial Matrix
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enclosed by the inner membrane.
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Thylakoids
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Interconnected sacs within the chloroplast.
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Granum
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Each stack in the thylakoids
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Stroma
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Fluid outside the thylakoids which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes.
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Plastid
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Family of plant related organelles. e.g. Chloroplast
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Peroxisome
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contains enzymes that remove H atoms from varous substrates and makes H2O2. They break fatty acids, detoxify alcohol. Has enzymes that convert H2O2 into water.
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Cytoskeleton
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Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
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Motor Proteins
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Required to interact with the cytoskeleton for motility
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Microtubules
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Hollow rods approximately 25nm wide. Shape and support cell and provide tracks from motor proteins to move on. Also used to split cell during cell division.
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Centrosome
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Mictotubules grow out from here.
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Centrioles
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Within the centrosome. They replicate before the cell divides.
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Flagella and Cilia
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Flagella/um is a tail used for movement.
Cilia are hairlike structures that are used in movement. |
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Basal Body
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Microtubules for flagellum and cilium are anchored here.
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Dyneins
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Large motor proteins that are responsible fro the bending movements of an organelle.
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Microfilaments
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Solid rods, about 7nm in diameter. a twisted double chain of actin subunits that support the cell's shape.
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Cortex
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The cytoplasmic layer of the cell that has a semisolid consistency from microfilaments.
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Myosin
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A protein allowing microfilaments to have a primary role in motility. Used by muscles. They microfilaments overlap.
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Pseudopodia
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These are "false feet" on cells.
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Cytoplasmic Streaming
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A circular flow of cytoplasm within cells.
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Intermediate Filaments
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Have a 8-12nm diameter. They specialize for bearing tension. They are a permanent framework.
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Cell Wall
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Extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells.
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Primary Cell Wall
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A young plant cell first secretes a thing flexible cell wall.
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Middle Lamella
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A thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins. It glues adjacent cells together.
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Secondary Cell Wall
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Another layer added between the plasma membrane and the primary wall.
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Extracellular Matrix
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The region outside the cell. It consists of glycoproteins and carbohydrates
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Collagen
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A strong fiber outside cells.
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Proteoglycans
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A small core protein with many carbohydrates.
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Fibrontectin
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An ECM glycoprotein that binds to receptor proteins called integrins
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Integrins
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Receptor proteins built into the plasma membrane
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Plasmodesmata
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membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm. It joins the internal chemical environment of other cells, unifying it.
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Tight Junctions
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Plasma membranes of adjacent cells are very tight together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid. E.g. skin
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Desmosomes
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Rivets fastening cells together. They attach muscle cells to each other.
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Gap Junctions
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Cytoplasmic channels from once cell to another.
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