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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Terminal bud |
Allows Stem to grow in length |
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Lateral bud(axillary) |
New stems to branch off main stem |
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Bud scale |
Protect bud in winter |
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Leaf scar |
Where leaf was attached |
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Bundle scar |
- On leaf scar - where vascular tissue was |
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Node |
Section where leaves grow Alternate 1 Oppposite 2 Whorled 3 |
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Internode |
Section between nodes |
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Lenticel |
Opening on stem or bark lets air in |
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Primary growth |
Growth at tips of branches |
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Excurrent Branches |
Trees straight and all 1 major shaft Ex. Pine, Redwoods, Hemlock |
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Deliquescent Branching |
Several main branches Ex. Maple trees |
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Bark |
1. Protection 2. Transports food |
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Wood |
Strong resilient runner section Strength and suppport Transports minerals up plant (xylem) tissue |
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Pith |
1. Center of young stem 2. Water storage |
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Heartwood |
- old inner wood(darker) - use support - old xylem tissue get clogged w/ debris waste |
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Sapwood |
- Young xylem tissue(lighter) - Still functional |
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Annual Rings |
Can estimate age Each growing season new rings form
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Spring wood |
Light grain |
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Skimmer wood |
Dark grain |
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Fibrovascular bundles |
Around pith xylem on inside phloem on outside |
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Dicots |
Only primary growth (longer not width) 1 growing season no rings Fibrovasular bundles |
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Pith |
Xylem |
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Cortex |
Phloem |
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Moncots |
Fibrovasular bundles Most don't have cambiums |
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Vegetative Reproduction |
New plant without seeds |
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Asexual Reproduction |
W/o sex cells |
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Runners |
Special stem sent out by plant to start new plants |
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Vegetable Propagation |
Reproduction by human help |
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Cutting |
Piece of stem or root capable of growing into a new plant |
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Advantages to cutting |
- Identical to original - Saves time |
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Layering |
Induce a stem to grow roots in soil |
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Grafting |
Transport living tissue to new plant common w/ fruit trees process |
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Grafting Process |
1. Cut off branch 2. Graft onto stock tree 3. Vasular cambium lined up |
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Tissue Culturing |
Make seedings from individual cells in lab |
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Corm |
Swollen stem |
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Bulb |
Stores food |
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Rhizones |
Thick stems that grow horizontally - Good storage - Reproduction Ex. Iris |
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Stolen |
Runner that goes along ground Ex. Strawberries and grass |
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Tendrils |
Climbing stems Ex. Plant vines, ivy |
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Tubers |
- swollen special stem - store food Ex. Potatoes |
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Thorns |
Protection Ex. Honey locust tree |
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Primary root |
Grows directly from embryo |
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Taproot |
- One major fleshy root - food storage Ex. Dandelions, carrots, yam |
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Fibrous roots |
- helps erosion |
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Root structure |
Size of plant similar to root system size |
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Epidermis |
Protect Prevent water lose |
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Root hairs |
Help to absord water |
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Root cortex |
- middle of root - food storage |
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Stele |
Xylem(inner) and phloem(outer) center cylinder |
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Root cap |
Protective covering pushes into soil |
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Primary growth |
Growth in length Meristem |
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Meristematic region |
New cells grow from meristem |
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Region of Elongation |
Cells grow in length |
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Maturation region |
Cells organized in stele |
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Secondary growth |
- Growth in diameter - Cambium cells between xylem and phloem |
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Diffusion |
Mixing of particles by random molecular motion moves from high concentration to low concentration |
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Permeable |
The few cell membranes that allow some substances through |
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Osmosis |
One way diffusion through a semiperiable membrane |
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Young stem |
1. Epidermis 2. Cortex |
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Epidermis |
Outer protection |
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Cortex definition |
- Tissue below epidermis - Stores food |
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Mature stem |
1. Cork 2. Lenticels 3. Phloem 4. Sieve Tubes 5. Vasular Cambium |
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Cork |
Replaces epidermis and cortex |
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Phloem |
Carries food down |
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Sieve tubes |
Phloem tissue tubes |
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Vascular Cambium |
Form new phloem cells |
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Budding |
Graft a bud onto another tree |