Biology Chapter 4 A Tour Of The Cell

Front 1

micrograph

Back 1

a photograph taken through a microscope

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Light microscope

Back 2

works by passing visible light through a specimen

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Magnification

Back 3

the increase in the apparent size of an object

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resolution

Back 4

a mesure of the clarity of an image, the ability to show two close objects as separate

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cell theory

Back 5

all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

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electron microscope

Back 6

uses a beam of electrons

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scanning electron microscope

Back 7

used to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces

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transmission electron microscope

Back 8

is used to study the details of internal cell structure

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prokaryotic cells

Back 9

what bacteria and archaea consist of

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eukaryotic cells

Back 10

protists, fungi, plants and animals are composed of

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plasma membrane

Back 11

what all cells are bounded by

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ribosomes

Back 12

tiny structrues that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

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nucleoid region

Back 13

where the DNA of a prokaryotic cell is housed

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cell wall

Back 14

outside the plasma membrane prokaryotes have a rigid chemically complex ___________. The wall protects the cell and maintains its shape

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capsule

Back 15

sticky outer coat, protects cell surface, help glue prokaryotes to surfaces

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pili

Back 16

help attach prokaryotes to surfaces

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prokaryotic flagella

Back 17

propel prokaryotic cell through liquid environment

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cytoplasm

Back 18

fluid filled region between teh nucleus and plasma membrane

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organelles

Back 19

structures inside the cell

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cellular metabolism

Back 20

collective name for the chemical activities within a cell which occur in the fluid spaces within membranous organelles

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nucleus

Back 21

contains DNA the genetic material of the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis

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chromatin

Back 22

very long fibers formed by DNA

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chromosome

Back 23

the individual fiber of chromatin

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nuclear envelope

Back 24

a double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials into and out of the nucleus

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nucleolus

Back 25

produces building blocks of ribosomes which exit the nucleus through the pores

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vesicles

Back 26

sacs made of membrane which transfer membrane segments and physically connect membranes

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endomembrane system

Back 27

vesicles that work together in the synthesis, storage and export of molecules

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endoplasmic reticulum

Back 28

extensive network fo flattened sacs and tubes, prime example of the direct interrelatedness of parts of the endomembrane system

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 29

a network of interconnected tubules which lacks attached ribosomes, it synthesises lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids)

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rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 30

has ribosomes, two functions: 1. make more membrane
2. modify proteins that will be transported to other organelles or secreted by the cell

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secretory protein

Back 31

a hormone let out of certain cells that is synthesized in the rough ER

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glycoprotein

Back 32

short chains of sugar linked to a polypeptide.

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transport vesicle

Back 33

where the synthesized protein goes to be taken away from the rough er

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Golgi apparatus

Back 34

recieves, modifies products from the er, packages and sends them in transport vesicles

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lysosome

Back 35

consist of digestive enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac. break down food and release nutrients to the cell

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vacuoles

Back 36

membranous sacs generally larger than vesicles that belong to the endomembrane system

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central vacuole

Back 37

helps plant cell grow by absorbing water, stores vital chemicals or waste products as well.

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contractile vacuoles

Back 38

collect excess water and expel it to the outside.

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chloroplasts

Back 39

the photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes

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stroma

Back 40

thick fluid in chloroplasts inclosed by the inner membrane.

Front 41

secretory protein

Back 41

a hormone let out of certain cells that is synthesized in the rough ER

Front 42

glycoprotein

Back 42

short chains of sugar linked to a polypeptide.

Front 43

transport vesicle

Back 43

where the synthesized protein goes to be taken away from the rough er

Front 44

Golgi apparatus

Back 44

recieves, modifies products from the er, packages and sends them in transport vesicles

Front 45

lysosome

Back 45

consist of digestive enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac. break down food and release nutrients to the cell

Front 46

vacuoles

Back 46

membranous sacs generally larger than vesicles that belong to the endomembrane system

Front 47

central vacuole

Back 47

helps plant cell grow by absorbing water, stores vital chemicals or waste products as well.

Front 48

contractile vacuoles

Back 48

collect excess water and expel it to the outside.

Front 49

chloroplasts

Back 49

the photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes

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stroma

Back 50

thick fluid in chloroplasts inclosed by the inner membrane.

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granum

Back 51

chloroplast's solar power packs, sites where chlorophyll traps solar energy

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mitochondria

Back 52

organelles that carry out cellular respiration by converting chem. energy of foods into ATP

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intermembrane space

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forms a fluid compartment, highly folded where enzyme molecules that make ATP are embedded

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mitrochondrial matrix

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fluid compartment, many of the chemical reactions of cellular respiration take place

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cristae

Back 55

folds in intermembrane space, increase membrane's suface area nd enhance mitochondrion
s ability to produce ATP

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cilia

Back 56

numerous appendages that propel protists

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flagella

Back 57

longer, not as many as cilia, appendages on protsit that propel them

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basal body

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has a pattern of nine microtuble triplets, acts as a foundation for microtubule assembly from tubulin subunits withn ciilium or flagellum gro

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centrioles

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identical to basal bodies in structure

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plasmodesmata

Back 60

numerous channels between adjacent plant cells, form a circulatory and communication system conecting the cells in plant tissues.

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extracellular matrix

Back 61

animal cells are embedded (and secrete) in the sticky layer of glocoprotein which holds them together, can have protective functions as well

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tight junctions

Back 62

bind cels very tightly forming a leakproof sheet, sheet of tissue that lines the digestive tract preventing the contents from leaking into surrounding tissues

Front 63

anchoring junctions

Back 63

rivet cells together with cytoskeletal fibers, forming strong sheets, common in tissues subject to stretching or mechanical stress, such as skin and heart muscle

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gap junctions

Back 64

channesl similar to plasmodesmata, allow small molecules to flow between neighboring cells