Biology Chapter 4 & 5 Test

Front 1

Most common elements in living things

Back 1

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen
• Sulfur
• Phosphorous

Front 2

Trace Element-

Back 2

critical to health and makes up 0.01% of body mass.

Front 3

Element

Back 3

pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical/physical means

Front 4

Protons

Back 4

(+)- Location: Nucleus

Front 5

Electrons

Back 5

(-)- Location: Electron Cloud

Front 6

Neutrons

Back 6

neutral)-Location: Nucleus

Front 7

Atomic number

Back 7

- the number of protons

Front 8

Atomic mass

Back 8

the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons)

Front 9

Isotopes

Back 9

same number of protons different number of neutrons

Front 10

Ionic bond

Back 10

- an atom takes valence electrons from another. Ex. Li F. metal to non-metal

Front 11

Covalent bond

Back 11

- an atom shares valence electrons with other atoms. Ex. O2 (O=O). Nonmetal-nonmetal

Front 12

Chemical Reaction

Back 12

a process where an object is chemically converted to another object.

Front 13

DRAW STRUCTURE OF WATER

Back 13

see diagram

Front 14

Polar Molecule

Back 14

a molecule with charged ends

Front 15

H-Bond

Back 15

- a molecule with charged ends

Front 16

Unique Properties

Back 16

1. Cohesion- tendency of water molecules to stick to each other—>surface tension
2. Adhesion- attraction between water molecules and other molecules.
3. Temperature Moderation- because of H-Bonding water can resist large temperature changes.
• Oceans and large lakes play a big role in climate regulation.
• Evaporation

Front 17

Low Density of Ice

Back 17

solid (ice) is less dense then liquid. H-Bonds force max. Spacing between water molecules.

Front 18

Water’s ability to dissolve solvent

Back 18

substance doing the dissolving solute thing being dissolved.

Front 19

Acids

Back 19

low pH, sour, contribute to H+ solution. Ex. Lemon juice, vinegar (H+>OH-)

Front 20

Bases

Back 20

: high pH, slippery, contribute OH- & may remove H+. Ex. soap (OH->H+)

Front 21

Buffers

Back 21

substances that cause a solution to resist pH changes. They can either accept or donate H+ ions. (H2CO3 ← -> HCO3 + H+)

Front 22

Functional Groups

Back 22

1. Hydroxyl (OH) Hydrophilic-water loving (common in sugar), dissolves easily
2. Carbonyl (O) add polarity (allows for bonding and dissolving)
3. Carboxyl (C=O-OH) gives acidic properties (organic acids)
4. Amino (N-H-H) gives basic properties

Front 23

Organic Molecule

Back 23

carbon based molecules

Front 24

Monomers to polymers

Back 24

single monomers (glucose) that are put together to make polymers (starch)

Front 25

Dehydration Reaction/Condensation Reactions

Back 25

look on diagram

Front 26

Hydrolysis Reactions

Back 26

splitting water to break polymers into molymers

Front 27

Carbohydrates Characteristics

Back 27

made of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

Front 28

Carbohydrates Building Blocks

Back 28

simple sugars

Front 29

Carbohydrates Main Functions

Back 29

energy sources, storage, and structural materials

Front 30

Monosaccharide

Back 30

one sugar unit (glucose, fructose)

Front 31

Disaccharide

Back 31

sugars with two monosaccharide (sucrose, lactose)

Front 32

Polysaccharides

Back 32

long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers (starch

Front 33

CARBOHYDRATE ELEMENTS

Back 33

C, H, O

Front 34

Lipid Characteristics:

Back 34

carbon, hydrogen

Front 35

Lipid Building Blocks

Back 35

glycerol and fatty acid chains

Front 36

Lipid Main Functions

Back 36

acts as a boundary that surrounds hydrophobic molecules from watery solution.

Front 37

Phospholipids

Back 37

: makes up cell membranes. Replace one F-A with a phosphate

Front 38

Waxes

Back 38

protection/hydrophobic

Front 39

Steroids

Back 39

lipids in which carbon skeletons form 4 fused rings

Front 40

Saturated vs. unsaturated fats

Back 40

saturated are packed tightly together. Ex. butter. Unsaturated are packed loosely. Ex. oils.

Front 41

LIPID ELEMENTS

Back 41

C, H, O

Front 42

Protein Characteristics

Back 42

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Front 43

Protein Building Blocks

Back 43

amino acids

Front 44

Amino Acid Stucture

Back 44

see diagram

Front 45

Peptide bonds

Back 45

- bonds between amino acids Shape: Protein structure determines its function (lock key structure)

Front 46

Denaturation

Back 46

high temperature or extreme pH causes proteins to lose their shape.

Front 47

Enzymes

Back 47

• Made of proteins
• Build up or break down molecules
• Enzyme is uncharged by the reaction