Biology Chapter 30 Vertebrates And Fish

Front 1

What is a notochord?

Back 1

a long supporting that runs through a chordate's body just below the nerve chord

Hint 1

see p.767

Front 2

Chordates a some stage of their life must have:

Back 2

a. notochord
b. dorsal, hollow nerve chord
c. pharyngeal pouches
d. tail that extends beyond the anus

Hint 2

there are 4

Front 3

Are all notochords vertebrates?

Back 3

YES, but in humans, as they develpo, it is replaced by a stronger, supporting structure known as a backbone (which is made up of segments of bones called vertebrae)

Front 4

What is the purpose of vertebrae?

Back 4

a. provide an area for other muscles to attach
b. place for muscles to attach
c. protects nerve chords

Hint 4

there are 3

Front 5

Characteristics vertebrates have in common:

Back 5

a. 2 sets of appendages
b. closed circulatory system with ventral heart
c. either have lungs or gills for breathing

Hint 5

there are 3

Front 6

Basic classes of vertebrates:

Back 6

a. fish
b. reptiles
c. amphibians
d. mammals
e. birds

Hint 6

there are 5

Front 7

Single-looped circulatory system:

Back 7

blood is pumped from the heart to the gills to the rest of the body before it returns to the heart

heart, gills, body, heart

Front 8

Double-looped circulatory system:

Back 8

one loop carries the blood to the lungs and the other loop carries it from to heart to the rest of the body

Loop 1: from heart to lungs
Loop 2: from heart to body

Front 9

Cephalization:

Back 9

concentration of nerve cells and sensory cells in the head of the organism

Front 10

The amniotic egg is surrounded by a shell, what can and cannot enter this shell?

Back 10

Enters and exits: oxygen and carbon dioxide

keeps inside: water

Hint 10

enters and exits:

keeps inside:

Front 11

Three method of reproduction among vertebrates:

Back 11

oviparous

ovoviviparous

viviparous

Front 12

Oviparous and example:

Back 12

producing eggs that develop and hatch outside female's body

ex: chicken, turtle

Front 13

Ovoviviparous and example:

Back 13

producing eggs that develop and hatch within female's body and born alive

ex: sharks

Front 14

Viviparous and example:

Back 14

retaining the developing embryo inside the female's body and bearing offspring alive; it bathes the developing embryo inside the liquids

ex: mammles

Front 15

Name what all chordates have in some stage of their life.

Back 15

a. notochord
b. hollow dorsal nerve chord
c. pharyngeal slit
d. a tail

Hint 15

there are 4

Front 16

notochord:

Back 16

flexible rod-like structure that provides body support, unique to chordates (replaced by backbone)

Front 17

hollow dorsal nerve chord:

Back 17

develops into main nerve pathway from body to brain

Front 18

pharyngeal slit:

Back 18

a narrow opening in throat regions of chordates

Front 19

chordates that are an exception to the rule:

Back 19

lancelets

tunicates

Hint 19

there are 2

Front 20

Three classes of living fish:

Back 20

Jawless
Cartilaginous Fish
Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)

Front 21

Jawless: description and example

Back 21

-no jaw
-no body skeleton (has cartilage)
-no scales
-no pairs of fins
-no gill coverings

EX: hagfish, lamprey

Hint 21

5

Front 22

Cartilaginous Fish: description and example

Back 22

-skeleton of cartilage
-plate-like scales; scales around mouth evolve into teeth
-most are carnivores
-has jaw
-paired fins
-no swim bladder

EX: rays, sharks, skates

Hint 22

6

Front 23

Osteichthyes (Bony Fish): description and example

Back 23

-skeleton with bones
-gills protected by flap (operculum)
-has swim bladder

2 types:fleshy-finned, ray-finned

EX: lion fish, eel, salmon, anchovies, blue fish, lung fish

Hint 23

4

Front 24

Explain how a Lamprey eats and survives in the water.

Back 24

it has a round opening with tooth-like structures that cuts a hole through the skin and sucks out blood and body fluids. (has 1 heart)

Front 25

Hagfish: # of hearts, # of pairs of gills

Back 25

5 hearts

5-15 pairs of gills

Front 26

Swim bladder:

Back 26

Holds gas to change a fish's location in water. More air, fish goes up; less air, fish goes down.

Front 27

What is the function of the mucus and slime that covers fish?

Back 27

allows it to move through the water easier

Front 28

What bony structure protects the gills?

Back 28

Operculum

Front 29

Explain how water reaches the gills.

Back 29

Gill slits close and mouth opens increasing volume of mouth and pharynx. Water is sucked into mouth. Gill slits open and mouth closes. Volume of mouth decreases, pushing water out over gills.

Front 30

Three ways in which waste materials are eliminated in fish:

Back 30

a. ammonia diffuses across the gill into water
b. salts are pumped in/out of their body fluids by specialized cells in their gills
c. has a simple kidney

Front 31

Parts of the nervous system and their function

Back 31

1. olfactory bulb: smell
2. cerebrum: smell and basic behaviors
3. optic lobes: process visual information
4. cerebellum: coordinates body's movement
5. medulla oblongata: regulates function of internal organs and maintains balance
6. spinal chord

Hint 31

6 (last with no function)

Front 32

What is the purpose of the lateral line in fish?

Back 32

enables the fish to detect movements