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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epithelial tissue
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The tissue that lines the interior and exterior body surfaces.
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connective tissue
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A type of tissue that provides support for the body and connect its parts.
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Nervous tissue
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Nerve impulses are transmitted throughout the body by Nervous tissue. Neurons and glial cells are examples.
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Muscle tissue
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Movements of the body are possible because of muscle tissue. Muscles are controllable and uncontrollable.
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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis describes the relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in internal and external environments.
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Feedback inhibition
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Called negative feedback, is the process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus.
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What are the four types of tissue?
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1. epithelial 2. connective 3. nervous 4. muscle
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Reflex
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Is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus.
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Cerebrum
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Is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious activities of the body. It is also the site of intelligence, learning, and judgement.
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Cerebral cortex
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The outer layer of the cerebrum and consists of densely packed nerve cell bodies known as gray matter.
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Thalamus
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Found between the brain stem and the cerebrum. Receives messages from sensory receptors throughout the body and then relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing.
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Hypothalamus
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Found between the brain stem and the cerebrum. Is the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. Also helps to coordinate the nervous and endocrine systems.
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Cerebellum
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The second largest region of the brain. Information about muscle and joint position as well as other sensory inputs are sent to the cerebellum to coordinate and balance the actions of these muscles. This enables the body to move gracefully and efficiently.
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Brain stem
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Connects the brain and spinal cord.
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Name the three regions of the brain stem.
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1. midbrain 2. pons 3. medulla oblongata
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dopamine
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a neurotransmitter. dopamine molecules stimulate other neurons across synapses producing the sensation of pleasure and a feeling of wellbeing.
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somatic nervous system
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Regulates body activities that are under conscious control, such as the movement of skeletal muscles.
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Reflex arc
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A reflex is caused by impulses that travel a pathway known as a reflex arc.
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Autonomic nervous system
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Regulates activities that are involuntary or not under conscious control.
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Taste buds
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The sense organs that detect taste.
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Cochlea
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fluid filled portion of the inner ear.
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semicircular canals
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Within the inner ear just above the cochlea are three tiny canals that each form a half circle. They monitor the position of your body.
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Cornea
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A tough transparent layer of cells that helps to focus the light that enters an eye.
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Iris
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Is the colored part of the eye. It is disk-shaped.
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Pupil
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In the middle of the iris is a small opening called the pupil. Tiny muscles in the iris adjust the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.
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Lens
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Just behind the iris. Small muscles attached to the lens change its shape helping to adjust the eye's focus to see near or distant objects.
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Retina
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The inner layer of the eye. Photoreceptors are arranged in a layer in the retina and convert light energy into nervous impulses that are carried to the brain through the optic nerve.
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Rods
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A photoreceptor that is extremely sensitive to light
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Cones
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A photoreceptor that is responds to different colors and produces color vision. They are concentrated in the fovea the site of the sharpest vision.
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How is the human body organized?
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cells
tissues organs systems |
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Cell
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Basic unit of structure and function example: bone cell, blood cell
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Organs
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Group of tissues that work together
example: heart, brain |
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Systems
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Organs that work together
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Define homeostasis
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Homeostasis - stable internal physical and chemical condition.
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Tell what feedback inhibition is and how it works.
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Stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus. Called negative feedback.
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How does the liver help with homeostasis?
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Liver produces bile which helps digest fats.
Converts dangerous substances into compounds body can get rid of safely. Regulates glucose |
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Diabetic
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blood glucose levels not in homeostasis.
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Why do we need to eat?
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Molecules in food create chemical energy that cells use to produce ATP.
Food supplies raw materials body needs to build and repair tissues. |
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How is food energy measured?
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Calories
One Calorie = 1,000 calorie |
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Cellular respiration
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Extracts energy from food
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How many substances does food contain that the body can't make but needs?
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45
What you eat is important |
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minerals
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Inorganic nutrients body needs in small amounts.
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Vitamins
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Help with chemical reactions
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Explain what nutrients your body needs.
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Water
carbohydrates fats protein |
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Explain why you need water.
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most important nutrient most chemical reactions need water. Water makes up blood, extracellular fluids, etc. You lose it when you sweat, exhale, and urinate.
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Explain why you need carbohydrates.
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Major energy source.
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Explain why you need fats.
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Help body absorb fat soluble vitamins, part of cell membrane
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What is the worst kind of fat?
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saturated fats
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Why do you need proteins?
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Growth, repair, act as enzymes
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Tell what a balanced diet is and how important that is for you.
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Nutrients in healthy amounts give you enough energy.
30% of calories from fat. Exercise 30 minutes a day and eat a balanced diet. |
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Name the functions of the digestive system.
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1. ingestion
2. mechanical and chemical digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination |
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Define ingestion
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put food into mouth
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Define absorption
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in small intestine
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Define elimination
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Get rid of what body does not need
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Discuss the route of food.
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Mouth
Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Pancreas Liver |
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What is the role of the skin of the excretory system?
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excretes water, salts, urea (in sweat)
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What is the role of the lungs of the excretory system?
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Carry CO2 out when you exhale
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What is the role of the liver of the excretory system?
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Converts nitrogen wastes to urea
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What is the role of the kidneys of the excretory system?
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removes excess water, urea, metabolic wastes from blood and excrete urine.
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What is the role of the ureters of the excretory system?
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carry urine to bladder
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What is the role of the bladder of the excretory system?
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stores urine till released from bladder thru urethra.
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Name the three processes the kidney uses to clean the blood.
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filtration
reabsorption urine excretion |
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define filtration
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the filtration of blood mainly takes place in the glomerulus.
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define reabsorption
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the process by which water and dissolved substances are taken back into the blood.
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define urine excretion
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filtrate is called urine now. Collecting ducts gather urine and transport it to a ureter.
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How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis?
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Activity of kidneys is controlled by blood composition itself. If blood too acidic, kidneys excrete more H+ ions into urine. If too much salt in diet kidneys return less salt to body in reabsorption. If blood glucose too high, some excreted in urine.
If dehydrated pituitary gland makes ADH. |
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Urine testing
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can detect disease, drugs in the system
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Kidney damage
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often due to high blood pressure or diabetes
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Kidney failure
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needs dialysis
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Functions of the nervous system?
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The nervous system collects information about the body's internal and external environment, processes that information and responds to it.
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peripheral nervous system
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consists of nerves and supporting cells, collects information about the body's external and internal environment.
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central nervous system
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consists of the brain and spinal cord, processes that information and creates a response that is delivered to the appropriate part of the body through the peripheral nervous system.
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What are the functions of neurons?
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nervous system impulses are transmitted by cells called neurons
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cell body
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the largest part of a typical neuron which contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm
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dendrites
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receive impulses from other neurons and carry impulses to the cell body.
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axon
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the long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body
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Myelin sheath
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the axon is surrounded by an insulating membrane
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Resting potential
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the inside of a neuron has a voltage and that voltage is compared to the outside.
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The moving impulse
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an impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment.
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action potential
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the reversal of charges from more negatively charged to more positively charged is called a nerve impulse or action potential
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threshold
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the minimum level of a stimulus that is required to cause an impulse in a neuron
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synapse
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the point at which a neuron transfers an impulse to another cell
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neurotransmitters
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are chemicals that transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
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reflex
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is a quick automatic response to stimulus
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Three major areas of the brain
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cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
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spinal chord
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the main communication link between the brain and the rest of the body
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