Biology Chapter 3

Front 1

What type of bonding does carbon have?

Back 1

covalent

Front 2

what shapes can organic molecules make?

Back 2

chains

Front 3

what are functional groups?

Back 3

-groups of atoms attached to a carbon backbone
-determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecule

Front 4

how are organic molecules produced?

Back 4

by assembling subunits called monomers into large molecules called polymers

Front 5

what is dehydration synthesis?

Back 5

molecules are joined together by the removal of h2o molecules

Front 6

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

Back 6

molecules are broken apart by the addition of h2o molecules

Front 7

what are the 4 categories of organic molecules?

Back 7

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids

Front 8

what are examples of carbohydrates?

Back 8

sugars and starches for energy, cellulose for structural support

Front 9

what are the 3 types of sugars?

Back 9

monosaccharide [single sugar]
disaccharide [two sugars]
polysaccharide [many sugars]

Front 10

what are most carbohydrates soluble in?

Back 10

h2o

Front 11

what is the most common monosaccharide?

Back 11

glucose [c6h12o6]

Front 12

what are other examples of monosaccharides?

Back 12

fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose

Front 13

what are 3 examples of disaccharides?

Back 13

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 14

what are 3 examples of polysaccharides?

Back 14

starch in plants, glycogen in animals, cellulose in cell wall

Front 15

what can digest cellulose?

Back 15

microbes in cows, termites

Front 16

where is chitin found?

Back 16

polysaccharide in the exoskeleton of insects, spiders, crabs

Front 17

what are 3 groups of lipids?

Back 17

a. fats, oils, and waxes
b. phospholipids
c. steroids

Front 18

what is the chemical name for fats and oils?

Back 18

triglyceride

Front 19

why are fats and oils important?

Back 19

energy storage

Front 20

what are the differences between fats and oils?

Back 20

-fats: solid at room temp, single bonds, saturated, no kinks, more H
-oils: liquid at room temp, double bonds, unsaturated, kinks, less H

Front 21

why are waxes important?

Back 21

waterproof leaves, stems, fur, beehives, insect exoskeleton

Front 22

where are phospholipids found?

Back 22

in the plasma membrane [phospholipid bilayer]

Front 23

what is unusual about the parts of phospholipids?

Back 23

head- hydrophilic
tail- hydrophobic

Front 24

what is the shape of a steroid?

Back 24

ring

Front 25

what are the building blocks of proteins?

Back 25

made up of amino acids, 20 common amino acids exist

Front 26

what are some uses of proteins?

Back 26

skin elasticity, keratin in hair, albumen in eggs, hemoglobin for transport of o2, silk in spider webs, snake venom, antibodies, enzymes

Front 27

what holds amino acids together?

Back 27

peptide bonds

Front 28

what are the 4 levels of organization in proteins?

Back 28

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Front 29

where are the instructions for protein formation?

Back 29

in genes

Front 30

what is an example of a disorder that results from a mistake in amino acids of a protein?

Back 30

sickle cell anemia

Front 31

what does denature mean and what can cause it?

Back 31

change in protein structure and therefore a change in function, can be caused by heat, ultraviolet radiation, acids, salts

Front 32

what are nucleic acid subunits called?

Back 32

nucleotides.
[nucleic acids are polymers made up of many monomers called nucleotides]

Front 33

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Back 33

phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base