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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the key features of prokaryotic reproduction? |
1. They are small 2. They reproduce by binary fission 3. They have short generation times |
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What promotes genetic diversity in prokaryotes? |
Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes |
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-Prokaryotes, binary fission, offspring, cells, identical -Mutation rates, binary fission, rapid reproduction, mutations, population -short generation time, prokaryotes -Prokaryotes ,“primitive”, highly evolved |
Rapid Reproduction and Mutation Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, and offspring cells are generally identical Mutation rates during binary fission are low, but because of rapid reproduction, mutations can accumulate rapidly in a population Their short generation time allows prokaryotes to evolve quickly Prokaryotes are not “primitive” but are highly evolved |
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Genetic recombination, DNA two sources, diversity Prokaryotic DNA, different individuals, T. T. C. Movement of genes, individuals, different species, horizontal gene transfer |
Genetic Recombination Genetic recombination, the combining of DNA from two sources, contributes to diversity Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by transformation, transduction, and conjugation Movement of genes among individuals from different species is called horizontal gene transfer |
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prokaryotic cell, foreign DNA from the surrounding environment, process, transformation Transduction, movement of genes, bacteria bacteriophages |
Transformation and Transduction A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called transformation Transduction is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) |
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What is Transformation and Transduction? |
Transformation and Transduction A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called transformation Transduction is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) |
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Conjugation process genetic material prokaryotic cells bacteria, DNA transfer one way donor cell, recipient, pilus, DNA piece of DNA, F factor, pili |
Conjugation and Plasmids Conjugation is the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells In bacteria, the DNA transfer is one way A donor cell attaches to a recipient by a pilus, pulls it closer, and transfers DNA A piece of DNA called the F factor is required for the production of pili |
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The F Factor as a Plasmid Cells, F plasmid, DNA donors, conjugation Cells, F factor, DNA recipients, conjugation The F factor, conjugation |
The F Factor as a Plasmid Cells containing the F plasmid function as DNA donors during conjugation Cells without the F factor function as DNA recipients during conjugation The F factor is transferable during conjugation |
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The F Factor in the Chromosome cell, F factor, chromosomes, donor, conjugation recipient, recombinant bacterium, DNA, different cells |
The F Factor in the Chromosome A cell with the F factor built into its chromosomes functions as a donor during conjugation The recipient becomes a recombinant bacterium, with DNA from two different cells |
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R Plasmids, Resistance R plasmids, genes, resistance Antibiotics, sensitive bacteria, bacteria, R plasmids natural selection, fraction, bacteria, genes for resistance, population, antibiotics Antibiotic-resistant strains, bacteria, common |
R Plasmids and Antibiotic Resistance R plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance Antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria, but not bacteria with specific R plasmids Through natural selection, the fraction of bacteria with genes for resistance increases in a population exposed to antibiotics Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are becoming more common |
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Concept 27.3: nutritional, metabolic adaptations, prokaryotes Prokaryotes, energy, carbon Phototrophs, energy, light Chemotrophs, energy, chemicals Autotrophs, CO2, carbon source Heterotrophs, organic nutrient, organic compounds |
Concept 27.3: Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes Prokaryotes can be categorized by how they obtain energy and carbon Phototrophs obtain energy from light Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemicals Autotrophs require CO2 as a carbon source Heterotrophs require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds |
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Energy, carbon sources, major modes of nutrition P C P C |
Energy and carbon sources are combined to give four major modes of nutrition: 1. Photoautotrophy 2. Chemoautotrophy 3. Photoheterotrophy 4. Chemoheterotrophy |
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The Role of Oxygen in Metabolism Prokaryotic metabolism, O2: Obligate aerobes, O2, cellular respiration Obligate anaerobes, O2, fermentation, anaerobic respiration Facultative anaerobes, O2 |
The Role of Oxygen in Metabolism Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2 Obligate aerobes require O2 for cellular respiration Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration Facultative anaerobes can survive with or |
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What are the 3 main forms of metabolism found in Prokaryotes (with respect to oxygen)? |
The Role of Oxygen in Metabolism Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2 Obligate aerobes require O2 for cellular respiration Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration Facultative anaerobes can survive with or |
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Nitrogen Metabolism Nitrogen, production of amino acids, nucleic acids Prokaryotes, nitrogen, variety of ways nitrogen fixation, prokaryotes, (N2), (NH3) |
Nitrogen Metabolism Nitrogen is essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids Prokaryotes can metabolize nitrogen in a variety of ways In nitrogen fixation, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) |
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Metabolic cooperation, different prokaryotic species, surface-coating colonies, biofilms Sulfate-consuming bacteria, methane-consuming bacteria, ocean floor, waste products |
Metabolic cooperation occurs between different prokaryotic species in surface-coating colonies called biofilms Sulfate-consuming bacteria and methane-consuming bacteria on the ocean floor use each other’s waste products |
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Concept 27.4: Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages Prokaryotes, environment, life Advance, genomics, extent, prokaryotic diversity |
Concept 27.4: Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages Prokaryotes inhabit every environment known to support life Advance in genomics are beginning to reveal the extent of prokaryotic diversity |
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An Overview of Prokaryotic Diversity Genetic analysis, division, prokaryotes, domains Molecular systematists, phylogeny, prokaryotes |
An Overview of Prokaryotic Diversity Genetic analysis lead to the division of prokaryotes into two domains, Bacteria and Archaea Molecular systematists continue to work on the phylogeny of prokaryotes |
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use, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rapid sequencing, prokaryote genomes handful, soil, may contain, prokaryotic species Horizontal gene transfer, prokaryotes, root, tree of life |
The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has allowed for more rapid sequencing of prokaryote genomes A handful of soil may contain 10,000 prokaryotic species Horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes obscures the root of the tree of life |
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Bacteria Bacteria, vast majority, prokaryotic species, people nutritional types, bacteria |
Bacteria Bacteria include the vast majority of prokaryotic species familiar to most people Diverse nutritional types are represented among bacteria |
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Proteobacteria bacteria, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs anaerobic, aerobic |
Proteobacteria These gram-negative bacteria include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs Some are anaerobic, and others aerobic |
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Subgroup: Alpha Proteobacteria species, associated, eukaryotic hosts Scientists, mitochondria, aerobic alpha proteobacteria, endosymbiosis |
Subgroup: Alpha Proteobacteria Many species are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts Scientists hypothesize that mitochondria evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymbiosis |
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Subgroup: Alpha Proteobacteria Example: Rhizobium, root nodules, legumes, N2 Example: Agrobacterium, tumors, plants, genetic engineering |
Subgroup: Alpha Proteobacteria Example: Rhizobium, which forms root nodules in legumes and fixes atmospheric N2 Example: Agrobacterium, which produces tumors in plants and is used in genetic engineering |
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Subgroup: Beta Proteobacteria Example: bacterium Nitrosomonas, NH4+, NO2– |
Subgroup: Beta Proteobacteria Example: the soil bacterium Nitrosomonas, which converts NH4+ to NO2– |
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Subgroup: Gamma Proteobacteria Examples, sulfur bacteria, Thiomargarita namibiensis, pathogens, Legionella, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae Escherichia coli, intestines, mammals, pathogenic |
Subgroup: Gamma Proteobacteria Examples include sulfur bacteria such as Thiomargarita namibiensis and pathogens such as Legionella, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae Escherichia coli resides in the intestines of many mammals and is not normally pathogenic |
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Subgroup: Delta Proteobacteria Example: myxobacteria, “myxospores” Example: bdellovibrios, attacks, bacteria |
Subgroup: Delta Proteobacteria Example: the slime-secreting myxobacteria, which produces drought resistant “myxospores” Example: bdellovibrios, which mount high-speed attacks on other bacteria |
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Subgroup: Epsilon Proteobacteria pathogens, Campylobacter, blood poisoning, Helicobacter pylori, stomach ulcers |
Subgroup: Epsilon Proteobacteria This group contains many pathogens including Campylobacter, which causes blood poisoning, and Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach ulcers |
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Chlamydias bacteria, parasites, cells Chlamydia trachomatis, blindness, nongonococcal urethritis, transmission |
Chlamydias These bacteria are parasites that live within animal cells Chlamydia trachomatis causes blindness and nongonococcal urethritis by sexual transmission |
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Spirochetes bacteria, heterotrophs parasites,Treponema pallidum, syphilis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease |
Spirochetes These bacteria are helical heterotrophs Some are parasites, including Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis, and Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease |
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Cyanobacteria photoautotrophs, O2 Plant chloroplasts, cyanobacteria, process, endosymbiosis |
Cyanobacteria These are photoautotrophs that generate O2 Plant chloroplasts likely evolved from cyanobacteria by the process of endosymbiosis |
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Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-positive bacteria: -A -B -C -S/S -M |
Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-positive bacteria: -Actinomycetes, which decompose soil -Bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax -Clostridium botulinum, the cause of botulism -Some Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, which can be pathogenic -Mycoplasms, the smallest known cells that also do not have a cell wall |
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Archaea traits, bacteria, traits, eukaryotes |
Archaea Archaea share certain traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes |
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archaea, environments, extremophiles Extreme halophiles, environments Extreme thermophiles, environments |
Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called extremophiles Extreme halophiles live in highly saline environments Extreme thermophiles thrive in very hot environments |
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Methanogens, swamps, marshes, methane, product Methanogens, anaerobes, O2 genetic prospecting, groups, archaea clues, evolution, life, Earth |
Methanogens live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product Methanogens are strict anaerobes and are poisoned by O2 In recent years, genetic prospecting has revealed many new groups of archaea Some of these may offer clues to the early evolution of life on Earth |
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Concept 27.5: Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere Prokaryotes, prospects, life |
Concept 27.5: Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere Prokaryotes are so important that if they were to disappear the prospects for any other life surviving would be dim |
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Chemical Recycling Prokaryotes, role, chemical elements, living, nonliving, ecosystems Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes, decomposers, organisms, waste products Prokaryotes, availability, plant growth Prokaryotes, availability, nutrients |
Chemical Recycling Prokaryotes play a major role in the recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of ecosystems Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers, breaking down dead organisms and waste products Prokaryotes can sometimes increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth Prokaryotes can also “immobilize” or decrease the availability of nutrients |
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Ecological Interactions Symbiosis, relationship, species, contact: host, symbiont Prokaryotes, relationships, organisms |
Ecological Interactions Symbiosis is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont Prokaryotes often form symbiotic relationships with larger organisms |
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In mutualism, In commensalism, In parasitism, Parasites that cause disease are called _________ |
In mutualism, both symbiotic organisms benefit In commensalism, one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way In parasitism, an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens |
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ecological communities, hydrothermal vents, bacteria, energy |
The ecological communities of hydrothermal vents depend on chemoautotrophic bacteria for energy |
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Concept 27.6: Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans prokaryotes, pathogens, positive interactions, humans |
Concept 27.6: Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans Some prokaryotes are human pathogens, but others have positive interactions with humans |
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Mutualistic Bacteria Human intestines, home, species, bacteria mutualists, food, intestines |
Mutualistic Bacteria Human intestines are home to about 500–1,000 species of bacteria Many of these are mutualists and break down food that is undigested by our intestines |
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Pathogenic Bacteria Bacteria, human diseases bacterial diseases, species Lyme disease, bacterium, ticks |
Pathogenic Bacteria Bacteria cause about half of all human diseases Some bacterial diseases are transmitted by other species For example, Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium and carried by ticks |
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Pathogenic prokaryotes, disease, exotoxins or endotoxins Exotoxins, diseases, prokaryotes Endotoxins, bacteria die, cell walls |
Pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins Exotoxins are secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not present Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down |
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Horizontal gene transfer, genes virulence pathogenic strains, E. coli, genes transduction |
Horizontal gene transfer can spread genes associated with virulence For example, pathogenic strains of E. coli contain genes that were acquired through transduction |
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Prokaryotes in Research and Technology Experiments, prokaryotes, advances, technology E. coli, gene cloning Agrobacterium tumefaciens, plants Bacteria, plastics |
Prokaryotes in Research and Technology Experiments using prokaryotes have led to important advances in DNA technology For example, E. coli is used in gene cloning For example, Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to produce transgenic plants Bacteria can now be used to make natural plastics |
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Prokaryotes, principal agents, bioremediation, organisms, pollutants, environment Bacteria, vitamins, antibiotics, hormones |
Prokaryotes are the principal agents in bioremediation, the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment Bacteria can be engineered to produce vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones |
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Bacteria, ethanol, waste biomass, switchgrass, corn |
Bacteria are also being engineered to produce ethanol from agricultural and municipal waste biomass, switchgrass, and corn |
