Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
cell body aka...
|
soma
|
|
|
soma includes 3 things...
|
ribosomes
nucleus ER |
|
|
dendrites are attached to the cell body and branch out from it
|
know
|
|
|
dendrites are structures that receive/send information
|
receive information
-transmit information to the cell body, integrated in the axon hillock |
|
|
axon hillock provides a connection between the cell body and the ____
|
connects cell body and the axon
|
|
|
axon is a nerve fiber specializes to send/receive information
|
sends information
|
|
|
myelin wraps around the axon to ____ the axon and increase speed of the signal
|
INSULATES it
|
|
|
oligodendrocytes produce ____ in the PNS/CNS
|
myelin
CNS |
|
|
CNS does not include ___ cells and ___ cells
(the two S's) |
schwann cells
satellite cells |
|
|
schwann cells are part of the ___ system and produce ____
|
PNS
myelin |
|
|
nodes of ranvier are small ___ between the myelin sheath wrapped around the axon
|
gaps
-important for signal conduction |
|
|
nerve terminal is the end of the axon
|
know
|
|
|
neurons are/not physically connected to one another....
|
are not
-slight space between neurons known as the synaptic cleft aka the synapse |
|
|
NT from the axon terminal travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron
|
know
|
|
|
what disease involves the body attacking its own myelination?
|
MS
Multiple Sclerosis |
|
|
action potentials are all-or-none principle
|
know
|
|
|
resting potential resides at ___mV
|
-70mV
-inside is more negative than the outside |
|
|
neurons are selectively permeable to Na/K and the Na/K ATPase pump helps regulate this
|
know
|
|
|
outside of cell =
Na > K |
know
|
|
|
inside of cell =
K > Na |
know
|
|
|
therefore...Na wants to flow in/out of cell while K wants to flow in/out of cell
|
Na wants to flow into the cell
K wants to flow out of the cell |
|
|
which ion is more permeable? Na or K?
|
K is more permeable than Na
-allows for the negative membrane potential |
|
|
Na/K ATPase pump is responsible for return to resting potential after AP fired
|
know
|
|
|
Na/K ATPase pump sends ___ Na in/out in exchange for __ K in/out of cell
|
3 Na out of cell
2K into the cell pump moves the concentrations AGAINST their gradient |
|
|
depolarization of cell makes the cell ___ negative and more ____
|
less negative and more postive
|
|
|
what is the cellular threshold?
|
-55mV to -40mV
|
|
|
depolarization occurs due to rapid influx of Na+
|
know
|
|
|
depolarization occurs throuh voltage-gated ion channels opening to Na
|
know
-Na+ pulled into the cell due to electronegativity difference |
|
|
chemical gradient based on concentrations...flow from high to low concentration
|
know
|
|
|
after depolarization, inside of cell reaches +35mV and Na+ influx is slowed and repelled...
|
know
|
|
|
Na+ channels close and K+ channels open, allowing K+ to leave the cell, reestablishing a negative membrane potential
|
know
aka repolarization |
|
|
K+ channels are slower to close, allowing to hyperpolarization to occur
|
when mV drops below resting
|
|
|
refractory pd...2 types
|
absolute
relative |
|
|
absolute occurs during which stages?
|
dep/repolarization
|
|
|
relative occurs during which stage?
|
hyperpolarization
|
|
|
dep/repolarization phases allow signal to be sent in one direction...
|
know
|
|
|
tetrodotoxin poison blocks Na+ channels, preventing depolarization altogether
|
know
|
|
|
longer/shorter axons have higher resistance and therefore less speed
|
longer
|
|
|
thicker/thinner axons have greater speed
|
thicker
|
|
|
presynaptic terminal sends the signal across the synape to the postsynaptic terminal
|
know
|
|
|
effector cells send the signal to ___ or ___
|
glands
muscles |
|
|
what is sent across the synapse?
|
NTs
|
|
|
at nerve terminal / presynaptic cell the NTs are stored in vesicles
|
know
|
|
|
once an AP triggered, causes intake of calcium triggering the release of ___
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
|
NT release is ____-dependent
|
calcium
|
|
|
how does body remove NT from synapse?
|
1. broken down by enzymatic reactions
--EX) acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine 2. reuptake carriers (recycle NTs) --EX) dopamine/serotonin 3. some NT diffuse out of area --EX) NO |
|
|
afferent neurons...
|
sensory --> brain
|
|
|
efferent neurons...
|
brain --> muscle
|
|
|
nervous system broken into 2 categories...
|
CNS
PNS |
|
|
nerves can be sensory, motor or both
|
know
|
|
|
cell body collections in the PNS =
|
ganglia
|
|
|
cell body collections in the CNS =
|
nuclei
|
|
|
CNS is composed of...
|
brain
spinal cord |
|
|
brain
|
enclosed in skull
-responsible for integration -sensory -coordination of muscle -cognition |
|
|
what are two colors in the brain and whats special about them?
|
gray = unmyelinated
white = myelinated |
|
|
the brain can be divided into 3 regions...
|
forebrain
midbrain hindbrain |
|
|
forebrain includes the
-telencephalon -diencephalon |
know
|
|
|
what are the four lobes of the brain?
|
temporal, parietal occipital, frontal
|
|
|
telencephalon includes the cerebral cortex
|
cerebral cortex contains gray matter
|
|
|
cerebral cortex is used for high levels of thinking = creative thought or future planning
|
cerebral cortex also integrates sensory information and controls movement
|
|
|
cerebral cortex is connected on each side of the brain by the...
|
corpus collosum
|
|
|
diencephalon is above/below the telencephalon...
|
below
|
|
|
diencephalon includes 2 parts...
|
hypothalamus (top)
thalamus(bottom) |
|
|
thalamus acts as middle man between the brain and body
|
involved in relaying sensation, special sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness
|
|
|
midbrain
|
serves as a relay point between peripheral structures and forebrain
|
|
|
midbrain passes sensory and visual information to forebrain
|
also receives motor instructions from forebrain to send to hindbrain
|
|
|
hindbrain
|
responsible for involuntary functions
-respiration |
|
|
hindbrain consists of the..
|
cerebellum
pons medulla |
|
|
cerebellum + pons + medulla are collectively known as...
|
the brain stem
|
|
|
cerebellum is involved in ...
|
motor control
|
|
|
medulla is responsible for...
|
breathing
heart rate blood pressure vomiting gastrointestinal tone -all things involuntarily controlled |
|
|
spinal cord
|
connects to hindbrain
|
|
|
spinal cord is divided into 4 regions down the vertebral column...
|
cervical
thoracic lumbar sacral |
|
|
with spinal cord...white matter is on the ___side and gray matter is on the ___side
|
white = outside
gray = inside |
|
|
peripheral NS is divided into two types....
|
autonomic
somatic |
|
|
somatic NS
|
responsible for voluntary movement
|
|
|
what NT is linked to muscular contraction?
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
somatic is responsible for basic reflex arcs
|
know
|
|
|
2 types of reflex arcs...
|
monsynaptic
polysynaptic |
|
|
monosynaptic reflex arc
|
single synapse hence 'mono'
-ex) knee jerk |
|
|
polysynaptic reflex arc
|
has more than 1 synapse hence 'poly'
-withdrawal reflex from something sharp or hot |
|
|
withdrawal reflex can also incorporate legs...
|
know
|
|
|
autonomic NS
|
involuntary controls
-innervates cardiac and smooth muscle |
|
|
autonomic NS has control over...
|
breathing
digestion circulatory system(BP) urination |
|
|
difference between somatic and autonomic deals with ANS = 2 neuron system
|
a motor neuron in somatic goes without synapse
ANS has preganglionic and postganglionic neurons |
|
|
ANS can be divided into two systems...
|
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS |
|
|
parasympathetic NS
|
-rest + digest
-blood flow to organs/d. tract -decrease to muscles -decrease HR/BP |
|
|
vagus nerve is responsible for many parasympathetic effects on thoracic and abdominal cavities
|
know
|
|
|
parasympathetic uses NT... for both pre/postganglionic neurons
|
acetylcholine
|
|
|
sympathetic NS
|
responsible for fight or flight
-increase HR/BP -reduce blood flow to d. tract/organs -increase b. flow to muscles -pupil dilation - |
|
|
sympathetic uses ___ for preganglionic and ___ for postganglionic
|
acetylcholine
norepinephrine |
|
|
sensory neurons include
-interoceptors -proprioceptors -exteroceptors |
know
|
|
|
interoceptors monitor internal environment parameters
|
blood volume
blood pH Ppressure CO2 |
|
|
proprioceptors tell of orientation of body parts in space
|
know
|
|
|
exteroceptors monitor the external environment such as
-light -dark -sound -taste -touch -pain -temperature |
know
|
|
|
nociceptors sense pain and relay info to the brain
|
know
|
|
|
eye is organ used to detect light
|
know
|
|
|
sclera = thick white external layer
|
know
|
|
|
choroid provides
|
oxygen
nutrients -beneath sclera |
|
|
retina = innermost part of the eye
|
contains photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical signals for brain
|
|
|
cornea
|
light passes through this
-bends and focuses light |
|
|
cornea --> pupil
|
muscular pigmented iris adjusts amount of light entering the pupil
|
|
|
more light = pupil ____
less light = pupil ____ |
constriction
dilation |
|
|
pupil --> lens
|
does some final focusing
|
|
|
ciliary muscles
|
adjust the thickness of lens
|
|
|
lens --> photoreceptors
|
know
|
|
|
two main types of photoreceptors
|
rods
cones |
|
|
rods =
|
black/white colors
-used for night vision |
|
|
cones =
|
colors
red green blue |
|
|
rods only have 1 pigment =
|
rhodopsin
|
|
|
excitation of light, photoreceptors send signal to bipolar cells --> ganglion cells
|
ganglion cells form optic nerve
|
|
|
blind spot in eye, no rods/cones there...compensated by having two eyes
|
know
|
|
|
aqueous humor fills the eye
|
secreted near iris at base of eye
-moves from here to anterior chamber --> venous blood |
|
|
ear transduces sound waves into electrical signals interpreted by the brain
|
know
|
|
|
noise --> outer ear...consists of
|
auditory canal
auricle |
|
|
outer ear collects noise --> tympanic membrane
|
know
|
|
|
tympanic membrane is the beginning of the ___ ear
|
middle
|
|
|
middle ear includes
|
malleus, incus stapes
|
|
|
tympanic membrane vibrates --> transmits to MIS bones --> oval window
|
oval window = transition to inner ear
|
|
|
inner ear is made up of...
|
cochlea
semicircular canals |
|
|
movement of ossicles on the oval window creates fluid waves in the inner ear that depolarize hair cells in the cochlea
|
know
|
|
|
APs from the depolarized hair cells send signals to brain via auditory nerve
|
know
|
|
|
semicircular canals are important for...
|
balance
|
|
|
semicircular canals(3/ear) are filled with ____ which triggers hair cells
|
endolymph fluid
-used to determine sudden acceleration or deceleration |
|
|
olfaction =
gustation = |
smell
taste |
|
|
taste receptors located on tongue, soft palate(roof of mouth) and epiglottis
|
know
|
|
|
taste receptors = epithelial cells
|
outer surface contains taste pore = microvilli concentrated
|
|
|
3 cranial nerves + taste
|
know
|
|
|
4 sensations with taste...
|
sweet
sour bitter salty |
|
|
smell receptors =
|
olfactory receptors
|
|
|
efferent and ventral
afferent and dorsal |
know
|
