Biology Chapter 12 Seg. 1 - 2 Of Prentice Hall Biology

Front 1

Transformation

Back 1

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Front 2

bacteriophage

Back 2

virus that infects bacteria

Front 3

nucleotide

Back 3

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Front 4

base pairing

Back 4

principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

Front 5

gene

Back 5

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Front 6

chromatin

Back 6

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

Front 7

histone

Back 7

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

Front 8

replication

Back 8

copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

Front 9

DNA polymerase

Back 9

enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Front 10

Who is Fredrick Griffith?

Back 10

He was a scientist who was trying to figure out why bacteria makes people sick, specifically phenomonia

Front 11

What was Griffiths experiment?

Back 11

He injected mice with disease causing bacteria.

He then heated the bacteria to kill it and then it didn't infect the mice.

Thus not being caused by chemical reaction, leading him to believe it was genes.

Front 12

Who is Oswald Avery?

Back 12

discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next.

Front 13

What is a virus?

Back 13

a non-living particles, smaller than a cell, that can infect a living organism.

Front 14

What is bacteriophage?

Back 14

a virus that infects a bacteria

Front 15

How do bacteriophage function?

Back 15

they attach to the surface of a cell and injects genetic material into it and replicates quickly and finally bursts.

Front 16

What is 32P (Phosphorus-32)

Back 16

An isotope used to isolate DNA

Front 17

What is 35S (Sulfur-35)?

Back 17

An isotope used to isolate PROTEIN

Front 18

What is Hershey-Chase experiment?

Back 18

Used radioactive markers to label the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages.

They found Bacteriophages only inject DNA

Front 19

What are the 3 parts of nucleotide?

Back 19

Phosphorus group

Deoxyribose

Nitrogeneous Base

Front 20

What are the four Nitrogeneous bases?

Back 20

Adenine

Guanine

Cystosine

Thymine

Front 21

What Nitrogenous bases are PURINES?

Back 21

Adenine

Guanine

Front 22

What Nitrogenous bases are Pyrimidines?

Back 22

Cytosine

Thymine

Front 23

What makes up the DNA backbone?

Back 23

sugar phosphate

Front 24

what type of bonds hold together nitrogenous bases?

Back 24

hydrogen bonds

Front 25

What did Erwin Chargaff discover about the relative quantities of nitrogenous bases?

Back 25

they were always found in equal quantities

G + C

A + T

Front 26

What did Rosalind Franklin used what technique to gain information about the structure of DNA?

Back 26

used X-ray diffraction

purified DNA and then stretched the DNA fibers of glass and then x-rayed

Front 27

What did Rosalind Franklins x-ray reveal?

Back 27

Helical or helix shape

Front 28

Watson & Crick learned what from Rosalind Franklin?

Back 28

It helped them with their DNA model. showing them it was a helix that was wound with 2 strands around each other

Front 29

Where is DNA found in the cell of Eukaryote?

Back 29

cell nucleus

Front 30

Where is DNA found in the prokaryotes?

Back 30

in the cytoplasm

Front 31

Eukaryotes have ________the amount of DNA as prokaryotes

Back 31

1000

Front 32

How many chromosomes do diploid human cells have?

Back 32

46

Front 33

Eukaryote chromosones contain both____ and _________

Back 33

DNA and protein

Front 34

DNA and protein are tightly packed together to form a substance called

Back 34

chromatid

Front 35

Chromatid consists of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called_______________?

Back 35

histones

Front 36

Together DNA and histone molecules form a beadlike structure called a _______________?

Back 36

Nucleosome

Front 37

Nucleosome pack with one another to form a thick fiber called a ____________?

Back 37

coil

Front 38

Coils in the Nucleosome then form a larger thick fiber called a _________________?

Back 38

SUPERCOIL

Front 39

During what stage in mitosis do the chromosomes become visible?

Back 39

the tight packing phase

Front 40

In prokaryote replication begins at ________ point and proceeds in __________ directions

Back 40

single and 2

Front 41

In Eukaryotes replication begins at _______points and proceeds in __________ direction

Back 41

hundreds of places and proceeds in both directions

Front 42

Replication is an important step in what phase of the cell cycle?

Back 42

CELL DIVISION - duplication

Front 43

What happens in DNA replication?

Back 43

1. duplicates its DNA in a copying phase

2. DNA molecule divides into 2

3. Produces complimentary cells following base pairing.

4. Each strand of Double helix of the DNA serves as a template for the new strand

Front 44

What does each strand of the double helix serve as for the new strand?

Back 44

template

Front 45

The place where replication begins is known as the ?

Back 45

the unzipping of parent molecules when hydrogen bonds are broken

Front 46

What is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication. What does it do?

Back 46

DNA polymerase. it joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule.

Front 47

What is the enzyme called that unzips the DNA in preparation for replication?

Back 47

Topoisomerase

Front 48

What is the enzyme that glues the sugar-phosphate backbone together?

Back 48

Ligase