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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do polypeptides form?
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Proteins
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What is the pathway of DNA expression?
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DNA -> RNA -> polypeptide -> protein
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Transcription
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Transcription = DNA -> RNA
Single strand of RNA made using DNA as template: DNA unzips RNA molecule is made based on DNA template RNA base sequence made to complement the DNA base sequence Follows base pairing rules: A-U and G-C (remember RNA has U instead of T) |
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Translation
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Translation = RNA -> polypeptide
Amino acids assembled into polypeptide based on sequence of codons along RNA molecule A ribosome “reads” codons along the RNA molecule And attaches amino acids together based on the sequence of codons String of amino acids make up a polypeptide (Which later is used to make a protein) Translation ends when stop codon is reached |
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A codon
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A triplet of bases codes for the production of specific amino acids.
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gene
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sequence of codons that codes for a particular polypeptide
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3 Kinds of major RNA
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Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA |
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3 steps in polypeptide synthesis
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Initiation
Elongation Termination |
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Initiation
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RNA components bind to a ribosome
-RNA read initiation codon(AUG) & get first amino acid (methionine) |
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Elongation
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codons read & used to add new amino acids to growing polypeptide
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Termination
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translation ends when stop is reached:
-Ribosome releases complete polypeptide -Ribosome& RNA come apart |
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Methionine(Met)
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codes for starting translation
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3 stop codons
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stop polypeptide synthesis
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Is there Redundancy in the genetic code?
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yes each amino acid can be made from more than one codon
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Is there ambiguity in the genetic code?
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no each codon codes for only one amino acid
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Types of mutations
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Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide from a sequence- usually lethal
Substitution of one nucleotide for another Mutations create new genes |
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How are Genes Regulated
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Proper regulation of gene expression is critical for an organism’s development and health
Gene expression = gene activation to make proteins needed for cellular functions Expression can change over time Environment can regulate expression Regulation can occur at several steps during expression |
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An overview of information flow in a cell
From gene transcription to chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
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Phenotype
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DNA is expressed as polypeptides which make proteins and provide the molecular basis for phenoypic traits
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Binary Fission
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Prokaryotes reproduce asexually.
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